Massacre em Gilgit em 1988
O massacre em Gilgit em 1988 refere-se ao assassinato em massa patrocinado pelo Estado [4] e estupro de civis xiitas do distrito de Gilgit que se revoltaram contra o regime islâmico sunita do ditador militar Zia-ul-Haq, responsável pela perseguição veemente às minorias religiosas como parte de seu programa de islamização. [6][7]
| Massacre em Gilgit em 1988 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Local | Distrito de Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Paquistão |
| Coordenadas | 35° 48′ 09″ N, 74° 59′ 00″ L |
| Data | 16–18 de Maio de 1988[1][2] |
| Tipo de ataque | Imolação, fuzilamento em massa, linchamento, incêndio criminoso, estupro em massa |
| Alvo(s) | Muçulmanos xiitas |
| Mortes | 300–700[3] |
| Feridos | 100+ |
| Responsável(is) | Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, General Mirza Aslam Beg,[4] Brigadeiro Pervez Musharraf,[4][5] Osama bin Laden,[4] Special Services Group do Exército do Paquistão[5] |
| Participante(s) |
|
| Motivo | Anti-xiismo, supremacismo sunita |
O massacre foi precedido por tumultos anti-xiitas no início de maio de 1988, que foram causados por uma disputa sobre a observação da lua para o Eid al-Fitr após o Ramadã entre os muçulmanos xiitas e os sunitas. Os sunitas locais, que ainda estavam jejuando pelo Ramadã, atacaram os xiitas locais que anunciaram o início das celebrações do Eid na cidade de Gilgit, levando a violentos confrontos entre as duas seitas. [8][9][10] Em resposta aos motins e a revolta contra o regime de Zia-ul-Haq, o Exército do Paquistão liderou um grupo armado de tribais sunitas locais de Chilas, acompanhados por militantes sunitas liderados por Osama bin Laden do Afeganistão, bem como da Província da Fronteira Noroeste do Paquistão até a cidade de Gilgit e áreas adjacentes a fim de reprimir a revolta. Estima-se que algo entre 150 e 900 muçulmanos xiitas foram mortos no massacre e na violência resultantes, nos quais aldeias inteiras também foram incendiadas. O massacre também resultou no estupro em massa de centenas de mulheres muçulmanas xiitas por tribos sunitas. [8][11][6]
Referências
- ↑ Ispahani, Mahnaz (2019). Roads and Rivals: The Political Uses of Access in the Borderlands of Asia (em inglês). [S.l.]: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-5017-4591-1
- ↑ Sehri, Inam (2012). Judges and Generals of Pakistan Volume - I (em inglês). [S.l.]: Grosvenor House Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78148-043-4
- ↑ (Levy & Scott-Clark, Deception 2010, Chapter 13): "Bin Laden’s militia mounted a savage pogrom, killing more than 300, and when the fighting had subsided Musharraf opened an office for SSP extremists in Gilgit, helping spread their influence across Pakistan.[8: Some accounts place the deaths at higher than 700. The claim made that Musharraf orchestrated the SSP move to Gilgit was by two of his contemporaries who spoke to the authors in the spring of 2006. The same claim was made in an author interview with Hamid Gul in the same month. B. Raman also made the claim in a paper for the South Asian Analyst Group.]"
- ↑ a b c d e (Levy & Scott-Clark, Deception 2010, Chapter 13): "Undaunted, Musharraf had in 1988 been called on by General Beg to put down a Shia riot in Gilgit, in the north of Pakistan. Rather than get the Pakistan army bloodied, he inducted a tribal band of Pashtun and Sunni irregulars, many from the SSP which had recently put out a contract on Bhutto, led by the mercenary Osama bin Laden (who had been hired by Hamid Gul to do the same four years earlier)."
- ↑ a b (Bansal, In Pursuit of Forced Assimilation 2007, pp. 61–62): 'Zia put a Special Service Group (SSG) group commanded by then Brigadier Pervez Musharraf to suppress the revolt and Musharraf responded by transporting "a large number of Wahabi Pakhtoon tribesmen from the NWFP and Afghanistan" to Gilgit "to teach the Shias a lesson."'
- ↑ a b Raman, B (26 de fevereiro de 2003). «The Karachi Attack: The Kashmir Link». Rediiff News.
A revolt by the Shias of Gilgit was ruthlessly suppressed by the Zia-ul Haq regime in 1988, killing hundreds of Shias. An armed group of tribals from Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province, led by Osama bin Laden, was inducted by the Pakistan Army into Gilgit and adjoining areas to suppress the revolt.
Raman, B (7 de outubro de 2003). «The Shia Anger». Outlook.Because they have not forgotten what happened in 1988. Faced with a revolt by the Shias of the Northern Areas (Gilgit and Baltistan) of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K), under occupation by the Pakistan Army, for a separate Shia State called the Karakoram State, the Pakistan Army transported Osama bin Laden's tribal irregulars into Gilgit and let them loose on the Shias. They went around massacring hundreds of Shias – innocent men, women, and children.
«The AQ Khan Proliferation Highway - III». Outlook India«The Forgotten J&K». Outlook India
- ↑ Bansal, In Pursuit of Forced Assimilation (2007).
- ↑ a b Shamil, Taimur (12 de outubro de 2016). «This Muharram, Gilgit gives peace a chance». Herald
- ↑ «How Pakistan altered demography of occupied Gilgit-Baltistan»
- ↑ «The sectarian spectre in Gilgit-Baltistan: Part III». www.thenews.com.pk (em inglês)
- ↑ Daniel Silander; Don Wallace; John Janzekovic (2016). International Organizations and The Rise of ISIL: Global Responses to Human Security Threats. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 37. ISBN 9781315536088
Bibliografia editar
- Bansal, Alok (2007), «In Pursuit of Forced Assimilation: Sectarian and Ethnic Marginalisation in Gilgit-Baltistan», India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs, 63 (2): 56-80, doi:10.1177/097492840706300203
- Levy, Adrian; Scott-Clark, Catherine (2010), Deception: Pakistan, the United States, and the Secret Trade in Nuclear Weapons, ISBN 978-0-8027-1860-0, Bloomsbury Publishing
- Singh, Priyanka (2013), Gilgit Baltistan: Between Hope and Despair, ISBN 978-93-82169-13-0, New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses