Sufrágio feminino no Canadá

O sufrágio feminino no Canadá ocorreu em momentos diferentes em diferentes jurisdições para diferentes grupos demográficos de mulheres. O direito de voto das mulheres começou nas três províncias da pradaria. Em 1916, o sufrágio foi conquistado por mulheres em Manitoba, Saskatchewan e Alberta. O governo federal concedeu sufrágio limitado em tempo de guerra a algumas mulheres em 1917 e seguiu com sufrágio pleno em 1918, pelo menos, concedendo-o nas mesmas bases que os homens, ou seja, certas raças e status foram excluídos do voto nas eleições federais anteriores a 1960.

Apresentação da petição da Political Equality League para a emancipação das mulheres, Winnipeg, 23 de dezembro de 1915

Caricatura política comentando sobre os direitos de voto das mulheres em Quebec

No final de 1922, todas as províncias canadenses, exceto Quebec, concederam sufrágio total às mulheres brancas e negras, mas as mulheres asiáticas e indígenas ainda não podiam votar. Em Terra Nova, na época um domínio separado, as mulheres ganharam o sufrágio em 1925 para mulheres não asiáticas e não indígenas. As mulheres em Quebec, que não eram asiáticas e nem indígenas, não ganharam o sufrágio total até 1940.

O sufrágio municipal foi obtido em 1884 para viúvas e solteironas proprietárias nas províncias de Quebec e Ontário; em 1886, na província de New Brunswick, a todas as mulheres proprietárias, exceto aquelas cujos maridos eram eleitores; na Nova Escócia, em 1886; e na Ilha do Príncipe Eduardo, em 1888, para viúvas e solteironas proprietárias.

Mulheres asiáticas (e homens) não receberam sufrágio até depois da Segunda Guerra Mundial em 1948, mulheres Inuit (e homens) não receberam sufrágio até 1950, e foi somente em 1960 que o sufrágio (nas eleições federais) foi estendido às mulheres das Primeiras Nações (e homens) sem exigir que eles desistam de seu status de tratado. Mulheres encarceradas (e homens) cumprindo penas com menos de dois anos de duração receberam o sufrágio em 1993, e mulheres encarceradas (e homens) cumprindo sentenças mais longas receberam o direito de voto em 2002.

Notas

• Este artigo foi inicialmente traduzido, total ou parcialmente, do artigo da Wikipédia em inglês cujo título é «Women's suffrage in Canada», especificamente desta versão.

Bibliografia

• Este artigo incorpora texto de uma publicação, atualmente no domínio público: Canadian Magazine (1895). Canadian Magazine. 5 Public domain ed. Toronto: The Ontario Publishing Co., Ltd. 
• Este artigo incorpora texto de uma publicação, atualmente no domínio público: Finley, John H; Falconer, Robert; Newbolt, Henry John (1920). Nelson's Perpetual Loose-leaf Encyclopaedia: An International Work of Reference, Complete in Twelve Volumes, with 7000 Illustrations, Colored Plates, Colored Maps and Engravings Public domain ed. [S.l.]: T. Nelson and Sons 
• Este artigo incorpora texto de uma publicação, atualmente no domínio público: Stanton, Elizabeth Cady; Anthony, Susan B.; Gage, Matilda Joslyn (1886). History of Woman Suffrage. 3 Public domain ed. [S.l.]: Susan B. Anthony 

Leitura adicional

• Backhouse, Constance, and David H. Flaherty, eds. Challenging times: The women's movement in Canada and the United States (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1992).
• Backhouse, Constance B. "Married women's property law in nineteenth-century Canada." Law and History Review 6.2 (1988): 211-257.
• Cleverdon, Catherine L. The Woman Suffrage Movement in Canada (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 1974) full text online
• Domareki, Sarah. "Canadian Identity, Women’s Suffrage, and the Rights of Women: A Comparative Analysis of the Stories and Activism of Nellie McClung and Thérèse Casgrain." American Review of Canadian Studies 48.2 (2018): 221-243.
• Fletcher, Ian Christopher, Philippa Levine, and Laura E. Nym Mayhall, eds. Women's suffrage in the British empire: citizenship, nation and race (Routledge, 2012).
• Forestell, Nancy, and Maureen Moynagh. "Mrs. Canada Goes Global: Canadian First Wave Feminism Revisited." Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice 30.1 (2005): 7-20. online
• Freeman, Barbara M. Beyond bylines: Media workers and women’s rights in Canada (Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press, 2011).
• Girard, Philip. "“If two ride a horse, one must ride in front”: Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950." Canadian Historical Review 94.1 (2013): 28-54.
• Glassford, Larry. "'The Presence of So Many Ladies': A Study of the Conservative Party's Response to Female Suffrage in Canada, 1918-1939." Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice 22.1 (1997): 19-30 online.
• Janovicek, Nancy, and Melanee Thomas. "Canada: Uneven Paths to Suffrage and Women’s Electoral Participation." in The Palgrave Handbook of Women’s Political Rights (Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2019): 169-184.
• Kinahan, Anne-Marie. "Transcendent Citizenship: Suffrage, the National Council of Women of Canada, and the Politics of Organized Womanhood." Journal of Canadian Studies 42.3 (2008): 5-27.
• Sangster, Joan, and Linda Kealey. Beyond the Vote: Canadian Women and Politics (U of Toronto Press, 1989).
• Sawer, Marian, and Jill Vickers. "Women's constitutional activism in Australia and Canada." Canadian Journal of Women and Law 13 (2001): 1+.
• Strong-Boag, Veronica (2016). «Women's Suffrage in Canada». Toronto: Historica Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. OCLC 21411669. Consultado em 24 de abril de 2018 
• Strong-Boag, Veronica. The Last Suffragist Standing: The Life and Times of Laura Marshall Jamieson (2018)
• Strong-Boag, Veronica. "Limiting Identities: The Conservative Attack on History and Feminist Claims for Equality," Labour/Le Travail 73 (Spring 2014): 206-209.
• Strong-Boag, Veronica. "Taking Stock of Suffragists: Personal Reflections on Feminist Appraisals," Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 21:2 (2011): 76-89.
• Tremblay, Manon; Trimble, Linda (2003). Women and Electoral Politics in Canada. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press. OCLC 500909205 

Regionais

• Baillargeon, Denyse. To be Equals in Our Own Country: Women and the Vote in Quebec (UBC Press, 2019).
• Brookfield, Tarah. Our Voices Must Be Heard: Women and the Vote in Ontario (UBC Press, 2018).
• Campbell, Gail G. "Canadian women's history: A view from Atlantic Canada." Acadiensis 20#1 (1990): 184-199. online
• Campbell, Lara. A Great Revolutionary Wave: Women and the Vote in British Columbia (UBC Press, 2020).
• Cavanaugh, Catherine, and Randi Warne, eds. Standing on new ground: Women in Alberta (University of Alberta, 1993).
• Cleverdon, Catherine L. The Woman Suffrage Movement in Canada (2nd ed. U of Toronto Press, 1974) full text online; chapters on each province
• Conrad, Margaret. "Addressing the democratic deficit: Women and political culture in Atlantic Canada." Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture & Social Justice 27.2 (2003): 82-89. online
• D’Augerot-Arend, Sylvie. "Why So Late? Cultural and Institutional Factors in the Granting of Quebec and French Women's Political Rights." Journal of Canadian Studies 26.1 (1991): 138-165.
• Duley, Margot I. Where once our mothers stood we stand: women's suffrage in Newfoundland, 1890-1925 (Gynergy, 1993).
• Fine-Meyer, Rose. "'A Reward For Working in the Fields and Factories:' Canadian Women's Suffrage Movement as Portrayed In Ontario Texts." Canadian Issues (Fall 2016): 42-47.
• Gosselin, Cheryl. "Remaking Waves: The Québec Women’s Movement in the 1950s and 1960s." Canadian Woman Studies 25.3 (2006) online.
• Gutkin, Harry, and Mildred Gutkin. "'Give us our due!' How Manitoba women won the vote." Manitoba History 32 (1996): 12-25.
• Hale, Linda Louise. "The British Columbia woman suffrage movement, 1890-1917" (PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia, 1977) online.
• Holt, Faye Reineberg. "Women's Suffrage in Alberta." Alberta History 39.4 (1991): 25-31.
• MacDonald, Heidi. "Women’s Suffrage and Confederation." Acadiensis 46.1 (2017): 163-176. online
• McGrath, Ann, and Winona Stevenson. "Gender, race, and policy: Aboriginal women and the state in Canada and Australia." Labour/Le Travail (1996): 37-53. online
• Mahood, Sally. The Women's Suffrage Movement in Canada and Saskatchewan (1971).
• Powell, Sheila. "The opposition to woman suffrage in Ontario, 1872 to 1917." (PhD dissertation, Carleton University, 1987) online.
• Richard, Mallory Allyson. “Exploring the ‘Thirteenth’ Reason for Suffrage: Enfranchising ‘Mothers of the British Race’ on the Canadian Prairies.” in Finding Directions West: Readings That Locate and Dislocate Western Canada’s Past, edited by George Colpitts and Heather Devine, (U of Calgary Press, 2017), pp. 111–132. online
• Risk, Shannon M. "To Be Equals in Our Own Country: Women and the Vote in Quebec." American Review of Canadian Studies 49.3 (2019): 472-478.

Fontes primárias

• Chemartin, Pierre, and Louis Pelletier. "Clubs, Axes, and Umbrellas: The Woman Suffrage Movement as Seen by Montreal Cartoonists (1910–1914)." in Sketches from an Unquiet Country: Canadian Graphic Satire, 1840-1940 edited by Hardy Dominic, Gérin Annie, and Carney Lora Senechal, (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2018) pp 136–69. online.