Língua protogermânica: diferenças entre revisões
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{{detalhes|Línguas germânicas}}
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▲that is, if the descent of languages can be compared to a biological family tree, Proto-Germanic appears as a point, or node, from which all the daughter languages branch, and is itself at the end of a branch leading from another node, [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].<ref>The links in this sentence suffice to explain the basic concept but more information can be found in numerous books including {{cite book |first=Roger |last=Lass |title=Historical Linguistics and Language Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1997 |isbn=0521459249 |pages=Chapter 3.6 "Sound Laws" |nopp=true}}</ref> One of the problems with the node<ref name=EB/> is that it implies the existence of a fixed language in which all the laws defining it apply simultaneously. Proto-Germanic, however, must be regarded as a diachronic sequence of sound changes, each law or group of laws only becoming operant after previous changes.<ref name=GSC>This article covers some of the major changes but for more of a presentation see {{cite web |first=Scott |last=Kleinman |title=Germanic Sound Changes |work=English 400: History of the English Language: Grammar Tutorial and Resources |publisher=California State University, Northridge |format=pdf |accessdate=2007-11-05 |url=http://www.csun.edu/~sk36711/WWW2/engl400/gmcsoundchanges.pdf}}</ref>
To the evolutionary history of a language family, a genetic "tree model" is considered appropriate only if communities do not remain in effective contact as their languages diverge. Early IE was computed to have featured limited contact between distinct lineages, while only the Germanic subfamily exhibited a less treelike behaviour as it acquired some characteristics from neighbours early in its evolution rather than from its direct ancestors. The internal diversification of especially West Germanic is cited to have been radically non-treelike.<ref>[http://www.cs.rice.edu/~nakhleh/Papers/NRWlanguage.pdf] Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A New Methodology for Reconstructing the Evolutionary History of Natural Languages - Luay Nakhleh,Don Ringe & Tandy Warnow, 2005, Language- Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, Volume 81, Number 2, June 2005</ref>
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