Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez de 1886: diferenças entre revisões

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O '''Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez de 1886''' foi a primeira edição do [[Campeonato Mundial de Xadrez]] sendo disputada por [[Wilhelm Steinitz]] e [[Johannes Zukertort]]. A competição ocorreu no [[EUA]], sendo as primeiras 5 primeiras partidas disputadas em [[Nova Iorque]], as quatro seguintes em [[St. Louis]] e a última em [[Nova Orleans]]. O vencedor foi Wilhelm Steinitz que venceu por um placar de 10 - 5, vencedo o seu 10º jogo em 20, tendo havido 5 [[empate (xadrez)|empates]].
 
==Cenário inicial==
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Anteriormente houveram inúmeras partidas entre os enxadristas mais proeminentes do período, o que sugere que a alcunha de campeão mundial já fosse utilizada no meio enxadrístico. No período de 1866 a 1876 Stenitz enfrentou os enxadristas mais fortes da época como [[Adolf Anderssen|Anderssen]], [[Henry Bird|Bird]], [[Joseph Henry Blackburne|Blackburne]] e Zukertort, tendo vencido todos.<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/w$s$$mix.htm Disputas mais relevantes de Stenitz até 1886], acessado em 30/08/2009.</ref> Porém a maioria dos historiadores aceita que a partida de 1886 entre Steinitz e Zukertort foi oficialmente o primeiro campeonato mundial do esporte.<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/y6sz$wix.htm Details of 1886 World Championship], acessado em 30/08/2009.</ref>.
==Background==
 
Previously, there were a number of [[List of chess world championship matches|"unofficial" world championship matches]] held between the undisputed leading players of the day, but talk of an official World Championship did not occur prior to the 1866 match between Steinitz and [[Adolf Anderssen]]. Steinitz won that match (+8 -6 =0) and although he made no known reference to a "World Championship" at the time, in later life he would sometimes backdate the tenure of his reign to the date of the Anderssen match. However, most historians now accept that the 1886 match between Steinitz and Zukertort was the first official World Championship match<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/y6sz$wix.htm Details of 1886 World Championship]</ref>.
 
==PreparationsPreparativos==
 
No torneio de Londres de 1883, uma competição com os quatorze melhores enxadristas numa disputa de todos contra todos, Zukertort vence de maneira convincente ficando a frente de Steinitz, Blackburne e [[Mikhail Chigorin|Chigorin]].<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/y3lon-ix.htm Torneio de Londres de 1883], acessado em 30/08/2009</ref> Sob vários aspectos, este evento guarda semelhanças com o [[Torneio de Candidatos]], onde os mais proeminentes enxadristas disputam as duas vagas como os desafiantes do título mundial.
At the [[London 1883 chess tournament]], a prestigious 14-player, double-round, all-play-all tournament,<ref>[http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/y3lon-ix.htm 1883 London Tournament]</ref> Zukertort was the convincing winner with 22/26, ahead of Steinitz (19/26), [[Joseph Henry Blackburne|Blackburne]] (16½/22) and [[Mikhail Chigorin|Chigorin]] (16/22). In many respects, the event resembled a modern day [[Candidates Tournament]], in that most of the world's leading players took part and the top two cemented their reputations as contenders for a world title.
Uma história em comum aos enxadristas relata um incidente que ocorreu no banquete de um torneio, quando o presidente do clube de xadrez St. George propôs um brinde ao ''Campeão Mundial'' e Zuketort e Steinitz se levantaram para agradecê-lo. Entretanto existem indícios de que o relato foi romantizado<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter22.html#4360._Both_stood_up Chess Notes 4360], acessado em 30/08/2009</ref>.
 
 
(A common story relates to an incident that occurred at the tournament banquet, when the St. George Chess Club President proposed a toast to the best chess player in the world and both Steinitz and Zukertort stood up at the same time to thank him. Research by [[Edward G. Winter]] suggests that this story has been embellished.<ref>[http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter22.html#4360._Both_stood_up Chess Notes 4360], by [[Edward G. Winter]], 13 May 2006</ref>)
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The following year saw the death of [[Paul Morphy]] and so finally, nothing stood in the way of a first official World Championship match between the two rivals. As there was a degree of hostility between them, the match arrangements were somewhat protracted and lasted almost 3 years. Disagreement over the choice of venue was resolved when Steinitz finally persuaded Zukertort to accept the [[USA]] over [[London]], his new place of residence. This was mostly due to the better conditions offered to the players by the American organisers. Zukertort was given the princely sum of $750 to make the trip across the Atlantic and the winner of the match was promised a quarter of the proceeds from the betting syndication.
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