Quicuios: diferenças entre revisões

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{{minidesambig|outro significado de '''Kikuyu'''|Kikuyu (desambiguação)}}

{{Infobox grupo étnico

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|população = 5,347,000 pessoas no Quênia<ref name=ethnologue>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kik Accessed 2007/07/09</ref>

|região1 = [[Quênia]]

Os '''Kikuyu''' (ou '''Kĩkũyũ''' pronunciado '''Gĩkũyũ''' ou como se autonomeiam '''Agĩkũyũ''') são o grupo [[etnia|étnico]] mais populoso do [[Quênia]].

 

 

 

Entretanto, lendas sobre o princípio dizem que um homem chamado Kikuyu e seu "ajudante" ou esposa chamada Mireia ([[Munbi|Mũmbi]]) foram colocados em Mũkũrwe wa Nyagathanga (atualmente [[Distrito de Muranga]]) pelo [[Deus]], Mwene Nyaga or [[Ngai]]. Dizia-se que eles foram colocados próximo ao Mugumo ou [[Figueira]] sobre as encostas da montanha. Estavam prestes a dar a luz nove filhas chamadas: [[Wanjiku|Wanjikũ]], Wanjirũ, Njeri, Wambũi, Wangari, Wacera, Waithera, Wairimũ e Wangũi. Quando elas cresceram encontraram nove homens jovens de uma terra distante, (aparentemente [[Masai]], com quem os Kikuyus tem uma longa relação amor-ódio) que se casaram com as moças e de quem o povo Kikuyu surgiu. Um mito popular afirma que quando as filhas de Kikuyu estavam na idade de casar, Kikuyu rezou para Mwene Nyaga que esse provesse maridos para suas filhas, o qual os proveu de uma figueira.

 

Os Kikuyus tinham boas relações com os Masais - seus vizinhos, com quem mantinham amplos negócios. O [[colonialismo]], no entanto, abalou essa ordem. Apartir de 1880, a [[Reino Unido|Grã-Bretanha]] se instalou primeiro na costa e então em [[Nairobi]], quando construiam a ferrovia da costa até o [[Lago Vitória]] que passavam pelo território vizinho [[Uganda]]. As terras dos Kikuyus foram confiscadas e eles foram confinados a uma pequena reserva, impedidos de cultivar suas terras.

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Kikuyu political organisation grew rapidly in the 1920s as a response to social problems, land loss and colonial pressures. One moderately radical group, the [[Kikuyu Central Association]] (KCA), was established in the 1920s under the leadership of young, mission-educated members including [[Jomo Kenyatta]]. Frustrations, anti-colonialism and internal divisions contributed to the [[Mau Mau uprising]] after [[World War II]], fought amongst the Kikuyu central highlands from roughly 1952-1958. This divisive, dirty and violent war was fought mainly by guerillas in central Kenyan forests, including [[Dedan Kimathi]] among its leaders. Following massive detentions by the British and huge numbers of Kikuyu deaths - mostly from internal fighting - the Mau Mau was a major contributor to moves for Kenyan independence. By the end of the rebellion, the British had taken the lives of over 11,000 rebels and detained around 100,000 people under force - in contrast with 200 Europeans and 2,000 Britain-loyal Africans. This is considered to be the first great African liberation movement and probably the most grave crisis of Britain's African colonies.<ref>Robbins, Richard H. (2008). 'Global Problems and the Culture of Capitalism (4th Ed.). Pearson Education, Inc. P. 315.</ref>

 

A scene in the [[1987 in film|1987]] [[movie]] ''[[The Kitchen Toto]]'', about the Mau Mau uprising, shows a white police chief ordering Kikuyu police officers out of the force, suspecting them of working for the Mau Mau.

 

[[Jomo Kenyatta]], Kenya's first president, was a Kikuyu. Kenya's third and current president, [[Mwai Kibaki]] is also a Kikuyu. Kibaki won the 2002 elections in a landslide against [[Uhuru Kenyatta]], son of the first president, despite outgoing president [[Daniel arap Moi]]'s support for Kenyatta. [[Wangari Maathai]], Africa's first female Nobel Peace Prize winner, is a Kikuyu, as is the famous Kenyan author [[Ngugi wa Thiong'o]], who now writes exclusively in [[Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]] and [[Swahili language|Swahili]]. [[John Githongo]], the former anti-graft advisor to the president, now since 2005 self-exiled in Britain, is a Kikuyu.

 

The Kikuyu have continued to play vital roles in independent Kenya's political and economic development. However, it is not uncommon to hear negative commentaries in the local media of the involvement of Kikuyus in government affairs.

 

Kikuyu speak [[Kikuyu language|Kikuyu]], a [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] language, as their native tongue. Additionally, many speak [[Swahili]] and [[English language|English]] as well, the national and official languages of Kenya respectively.

The Kikuyu are closely related to the [[Embu]], [[Mbeere]] and [[Meru]] people who also live around Mt. Kenya. The Kikuyu from the greater Kiambu (commonly referred to as the Kabete) and Nyeri districts are closely related to the Maasai due to intermarriage prior to colonization, being geographical neighbours. Hence the sub-tribes that retain much of the original Kikuyu heritage reside around Kirinyaga and Murang'a regions of Kenya. The Kikuyu from Murang'a district are considered to be more pure, believed to be the cradle of the Kikuyu people.

 

The 'traditional' Kikuyu religion is [[monotheism|monotheistic]]. According to legend, [[Ngai]] (''The Provider'' or ''The One Who Distributes'', the creator worshipped also by the [[Maasai]] and [[Kamba]]), resides atop Kĩrĩnyaga, known as [[Mount Kenya]]. [http://www.mfa.go.ke/mtkenya.html] According to tradition, Ngai created the land and gave it to the people, creating an inseparable bond between man and land. Other important aspects of Kikuyu tradition include the value of ancestry and the forest. In present day, 73% are identified as Christian{{fact|date=January 2008}}, causing a decline in their 'traditional' beliefs.

 

Kikuyus main town is Nyeri.

 

According to folklore, the Kikuyu tribe was ruled based on a matriarchal system. During the rule of Wangũ wa Makeeri, a leader who was said to be so fierce she held meetings seated on the backs of men, the men decided to revolt and take over leadership. (Although modern Kikuyu often assume that Wangu was a mythical character, she was in fact one of the first "chiefs" installed by the British at the end of the 19th Century in Murang'a District as a result of her liaison with a more well-known "chief" Karuri wa Gakure.)<ref>Godfrey Muriuki, A History of the Kikuyu, 1500-1900, Oxford University Press 1974</ref> One version of the story says that the revolution took place when Kikuyu men organized to have all the women dance naked in a Kĩbaata dance. The women refused and the Kikuyu men took the rule to themselves. In another version, the men conspired to make all the women pregnant at the same time. This made them vulnerable and unable to carry out leadership duties. The men then took over leadership- and never let go.

 

The Kikuyu man is referred to as a mũthuuri (meaning someone who can choose or discern evil from good) and the Kikuyu woman is called a mũtumia (meaning someone who retains family secrets and practices). Traditionally, Kikuyu society is polygamous so that any man with means could have as many wives as he could afford.

 

The Kikuyu had a systematic method of family planning. A father would only have another child with his wife, after her youngest child was at an age where the mother could send them to look after the family’s herd of goats, a practice called (gũthiĩ rũũru). Rũũru is a collection of goats and sheep or commonly referred as herding.

 

Colonization eroded many traditional practices and values, although the language has survived and continues to evolve. Many Kikuyu have moved from their traditional homeland to the cities to find jobs. They have also moved to other parts of the country and the world due to intermarriage, business opportunities, study, and generally seeking better prospects in life. Those living in rural areas tend to continue to practice farming.

 

Women who engaged in sex before marriage, affairs, or got pregnant could only be married as a second wife and were commonly referred to as ‘Gĩchokio’. Therefore the Kikuyu customs valued the chastity of unmarried women and protected young women against abuse. It also ensured some form of entertainment was prepared and young people carried forward the practices from generation to generation.

 

A religious Kikuyu prophet called [[Cege wa Kibiru]] or Mugo wa Kĩbirũ prophesied about the coming of the Europeans long before they arrived at the Coast. It was said that there would come people from a different land, having the colour of kiũũra kya marigũ-ini "frog of the banana plantation". This depicts something close to the native white color. He also predicted the arrival of aeroplanes, "like butterflies in the sky".

Two of the other memorable men in the Kikuyu history were Wang’ombe wa Ihũũra and Wamũgumo. Wang’ombe wa Ihũũra killed a man-eating leopard with his bare hands. Wamũgumo could sink 3/4 of traditional a hunting spear to the bare earth. He was a giant sized man whose size and eating habits were legendary. Waiyaki Wa Hinga was another Kikuyu paramount chief, who was credited as among the first to resist the entrechment of the White settlers in the Kikuyu land. When confronting one white settler in the settler's tent, Waiyaki's sword got caught in the tent's roof as he raised it to strike. He was quickly overpowered, severely beaten, and buried alive in Kismayu.

 

 

 

* Elkins, Caroline, 2005. "''[[Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya]]''." (Henry Holt and Company, LLC)

* Kenyatta, Mzee Jomo, 1938. ''Facing Mount Kenya''

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[[Categoria:Grupos étnicos do Quénia]]