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===Sistema de alimentação===
O aerógrafo pode ser alimentado de duas maneiras, através da gravidade, onde geralmente o compartimento de tinta situa-se acima, ou por sucção, onde a pressão efetuada pelo deslocamento de ar gerando um [[Efeito Venturi|efeito venturi]], suga a tinta de dentro de um compartimento, que geralmente, localiza-se abaixo do equipamento.
<!--Each feed type carries unique advantages. Gravity feed instruments require less air pressure for suction as the gravity pulls the paint into the mixing chamber. Typically instruments with the finest mist atomization and detail requirements use this method. Side- and bottom-feed instruments allow the artist to see over the top, with the former sometimes offering left-handed and right-handed options to suit the artist. A bottom feed airbrush typically holds a larger capacity of paint than the other types, and is often preferable for larger scale work such as automotive applications and tee-shirt design.
For more a detailed academic study, the University of Wales Library holds a detailed PhD on Airbrush History. The Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, The Public Library in Rockford Illinois and the Conservation Department of New York University retain copies. This was authored by Dr. Andy Penaluna, now Professor of Creative Entrepreneurship at Swansea Metropolitan University.<ref>Penaluna, A., (2004) A Critical Investigation into the Origins of the Airbrush, 1878 - 1906. PhD Thesis, University of Wales / University of New York</ref> Professor Penaluna has also advised the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.
==Design==
An airbrush works by passing a stream of fast moving (compressed) air through a [[venturi pump|venturi]], which creates a local reduction in air [[pressure]] (suction) that allows paint to be pulled from an interconnected reservoir at normal atmospheric pressure. The high velocity of the air atomizes the paint into very tiny droplets as it blows past a very fine paint-metering component. The paint is carried onto paper or other surface. The operator controls the amount of paint using a variable trigger which opens more or less a very fine tapered needle that is the control element of the paint-metering component. An extremely fine degree of atomization is what allows an artist to create such smooth blending effects using the airbrush.
The technique allows for the blending of two or more colors in a seamless way, with one color slowly becoming another color. Freehand airbrushed images, without the aid of [[stencil]]s or friskets, have a floating quality, with softly defined edges between colors, and between foreground and background colors. A well skilled airbrush artist can produce paintings of photographic realism or can simulate almost any painting medium. Painting at this skill level involves supplementary tools, such as masks and [[Frisket (art material)|friskets]], and very careful planning.
Some airbrushes use [[pressure]]s as low as 20 [[Pounds per square inch|psi]] (1.38 bar) while others use pressures in the region of 30-35 psi (2-2.4 bar). Larger "spray guns" as used for automobile spray-painting need 100 psi (6.8 bar) or more to adequately atomize a thicker paint using less solvent. They are capable of delivering a heavier coating more rapidly over a wide area. Even with small artist airbrushes using acrylic paint, artists must be careful not to breathe in the atomized paint, which floats in the air for minutes and can go deep into the lungs. With commercial spray guns for automobiles, it is vital that the painter have a clean air source to breathe, because automotive paint is far more harmful to the lungs than acrylic. Certain spray guns, called High-Volume Low-Pressure (HVLP) spray guns, are designed to deliver the same high volumes of paint without requiring such high pressures.
===Mix point===
With an ''internal mix'' airbrush the paint and air mix inside the airbrush (in the tip) creating a finer atomized "mist" of paint. With ''external mix'' the air leaves the airbrush before it comes into contact with the paint which creates a coarser stippled effect. External mix airbrushes are cheaper and more suited for covering larger areas with more viscous paints or varnishes.
== Spray guns ==
The airbrush led to the development of the [[spray gun]]; a similar device, that typically delivers a higher volume of paint and for painting larger areas.
The first paint spraying machine was developed in 1887.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spraygunworld.com/Information2/History.htm |title=DeVilbiss, Iwata, Asturo AOM, Sharpe, Astro Pneumatic, Binks - Spray Guns & More |publisher=Spraygunworld.com |date= |accessdate=2010-05-22}}</ref>
Equipment by [[De Vilbiss]] and [[Binks]] is typical of modern sprayguns.
The addition of a simple pistol grip adapter to an [[aerosol paint]] spray can creates a cheap alternative to a spray gun.
==Technique==
Airbrush technique is the freehand manipulation of the airbrush, medium, air pressure and distance from the surface being sprayed in order to produce a certain predictable result on a consistent basis with or without shields or stencils. Airbrush technique will differ with the type of airbrush being used (single action or dual/double action).
Double action airbrush technique involves depressing the trigger on the top of the airbrush with the index finger to release air only, and drawing it back gradually to the paint release threshold. The most important procedural dynamic is to always begin with air only and end with air only. By observing this rule, precise control of paint volume and line width and character can be achieved. The single most important airbrush stroke consistently utilized by professionals is the dagger stroke. This describes a stroke which begins wide and ends as a narrow line, created by starting with the brush far from the support and moving it evenly closer as the line is drawn.
Single action airbrush technique derives its name from the fact that only one action is required for operation. The single action of depressing the trigger releases a fixed ratio of paint to air.
Achieving different line widths requires either changing the tip and nozzle combination or else adjusting the spray volume manually between spray width changes. The most important aspect of proper single action airbrush technique is to keep the hand moving before the trigger is depressed and after the trigger is released. This avoids the "bar bell" line.
== Use ==
=== Art and illustration ===
Since the inception of airbrush technology, commercial artists and illustrators realized airbrushes allowed them to create highly rendered images and a high level of realism. Artists often use the airbrush in combination with cut stencils or items held freehand to block in controlled manner the flow of paint onto the paper (or digital alternatives) with fantasy and science fiction artists. Airbrush images can be found today in advertising, publishing (e.g., book covers), [[comic book]]s and [[graphic novel]]s.
=== Retocagem de fotos ===
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| [[Image:Voroshilov, Molotov, Stalin, with Nikolai Yezhov.jpg|250px|Before]][[Image:The Commissar Vanishes 2.jpg|250px|After]]
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|<small>Yezhov is clearly visible to Stalin's left. The photo was later altered by censors.</small>
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{{see|Retouching}}
Airbrushing has long been used to alter [[photograph]]s in the pre-digital era. In skilled hands it can be used to help hide signs that an image has been extensively [[retouching|retouched]] or "doctored".
As a result of [[Great Purge|Stalin's purges]], and later [[destalinization]], many photographs of officials from the periods show extensive airbrushing, often entire people have been removed. The term "airbrushed out" has come to mean rewriting history to pretend that something was never there. In contemporary academic discourse, the process of removing components from an image is formally known as ''[[object removal]].''
The term "airbrushed" or "airbrushed photo" has also been used to describe [[glamour photography|glamour photos]] in which a model's imperfections have been removed, or in which their attributes have been enhanced. The term has often been applied in a pejorative manner to describe images of unrealistic female perfection and has been particularly common in reference to pictures in [[Playboy]], and later [[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]].
Using today's [[digital imaging]] technology, this kind of picture editing is now usually done with a [[raster image]] editor, which is capable of even more subtle work in the hands of a skilled touch-up artist. This technique is still called airbrushing or [[photoshopping]].
=== Murals ===
Airbrushes are also suitable for painting [[mural]]s.
===Hobby===
Airbrushes are commonly used by scale modeling enthusiasts because finer coats can be laid down, as well as opaque effects, like weathering, adding stains etc. The fine atomization of paint in modern airbrushes also makes it possible to accurately reproduce soft-edged mottled camouflage schemes, which are very hard to do convincingly by hand-brushing. (Luftwaffe aircraft are a good example of this)
Many Radio Control hobbyists also use the airbrush to create works of art on the lexan bodies. The paint jobs range from a basic one-color paint job to fine detailed works of art.
===Airbrush makeup application ===
{{Main|Airbrush makeup}}
Though the earliest record of this type of cosmetic application dates back to the 1925 film version of [[Ben-Hur (1925 film)|Ben-Hur]], it has recently been re-popularized by the advent of [[High-definition Television|Hi-Definition Television]] and [[Digital photography|Digital Photography]], wherein the camera sees more detail than ever before. [[Cosmetics#Types of cosmetic|Liquid Foundations]] that are high in coverage but thin in texture are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. It is also a highly popular technique for [[special effect|Special F/X Makeup]].
=== Temporary airbrush tattoos (TATs) ===
[[Image:GeckoTAT.jpg|thumb|Temporary tattoo]]
Airbrushes can also be used to apply temporary airbrush tattoos. An artist sprays ink onto the skin through a stencil. Often, the resulting design mirrors the look of a permanent tattoo, without any pain or discomfort. In the past, TATs might only last a week, but now, the best inks can last up to two weeks or longer.
===Airbrush tanning ===
Airbrushes are used to apply special tanning solutions as a form of [[sunless tanning]] that simulates the appearance of a natural [[Sun tanning|sun tan]]. It is promoted as a safer and healthier alternative to the damaging effects of long term exposure to the sun. It is often performed by companies also offering other sun tanning alternatives like [[sun bed]]s.
=== Finger nail art ===
Airbrushes are also used to apply images onto human finger nails as well as synthetic ones that are later glued to the person's actual finger nail.
=== Clothing ===
T-shirt airbrushing is popular—many t-shirt airbrush shops offer to paint any textile that will hold paint, including jeans, denim jackets, leather apparel, pillow cases, and hoodies.
One well known producer of airbrushed clothing is [[Marc Ecko]]. He used to airbrush t-shirts when he started his clothing company.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/24/fashion/24CRITIC.html?ex=1359349200&en=94e75f3ade16a38a&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink | work=The New York Times | title=Loud and Dumb Never Looked Better | first=Mike | last=Albo | date=2008-01-24}}</ref>
=== Automotive ===
Airbrushes are used to spray murals, graphics, and other artwork on automobiles, motorcycles and helmets. This artform has been around since at least the fifties, but more recently it has seen an increase in popularity thanks to such shows as ''Rides'' and ''American Chopper''.
Most professionals prefer to use automotive grade bases through top of the line gravity fed airbrushes. The cost to hire a professional artist will vary from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on location, skill level and reputation.
== Street artists ==
Many street artists use airbrushing to create names and pictures for tourists, such as around [[Jackson Square, New Orleans|Jackson Square]] in [[New Orleans]]. In the mid-seventies, [[Panama City Beach, Florida]] was the airbrush capital of the world, with hundreds of artists painting custom designs on [[T-shirts]].
==Safety==
When inhaled, finely dispersed paint and solvents can produce serious health hazards. Regulatory provisions such as [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration|OSHA]] dictate strict requirements to prevent unsafe use in work environments.
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==Ver também==
=={{Ligações externas}}==
{{Commons category|Airbrushes}}
* {{en}} [http://www.airbrushhub.com/ Airbrush HUB] Uma- galeriaGaleria de código livre, fóruns e vídeos.
* {{en}} [http://www.AirbrushTricks.com/ Airbrush Tricks] Free- resourceTutoriais fore newdicas andsobre experienced airbrush artistsaerografia.
* [http://www.plastimodelismo.org/ Plastimodelismo.org] - Site sobre plastimodelismo no Brasil.
{{Esboço-arte}}
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