Estação ferroviária: diferenças entre revisões

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[[Ficheiro:Central do Brasil station.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Estação Central do Brasil]] no [[Rio de Janeiro (cidade)|Rio de Janeiro]].]]
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Muitas estações datam do [[século XIX]] e refletem a arquitetura da época, grandes em tamanho, tendendo à prestigiar tanto à cidade quanto às estradas férreas. Em países onde as ferrovias tardaram a chegar ainda possuem tal arquitetura, com estações mais novas imitando o estilo do século XIX. Várias formas de arquitetura foram utilizadas para a construção de estações de trem, desde os estilos mais rebuscados, como o [[Barroco]] e o [[Estilo gótico|Gótico]], aos estilos mais [[Forma segue a função|utilitaristas]] ou [[Arquitetura modernista|modernos]]. As estações construídas mais recentemente chegam até a se assemelhar à aeroportos, com seu estilo abstrato, frio e plano.
 
Exemplos de modernas estações incluem algumas das mais novas estações de [[high-speed rail]], como a de [[Shinkansen]] no [[Japan]], as das linhas de [[TGV]] na [[France]], a estação de [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]] em Berlim, ou linhas de [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] na [[Alemanha]]. A [[Reino Unido| Grã-Bretanha]] apresenta um novo terminal ferroviário moderno na [[estação de Waterloo]]. Esta estação vai deixar de ser o terminal do Eurostar, quando a nova [[estação de trem St Pancras]], ligada à alta velocidade [[Channel Tunnel Rail Link]], abre em 2007.<br clear="all" />
 
== {{Ver também}} ==
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Deste trecho em diante, o texto encontra-se em seu idioma original. Sintam-se livres para contribuir com a tradução deste.
 
[[File:Lahore railway station.jpeg|thumbnail|left|The [[Lahore Railway Station]] built during the [[British Raj]] with a mixture of western and eastern architecture.]]
Examples of modern stations include those on newer [[high-speed rail]] networks, such as the [[Shinkansen]] in [[Japan]], [[TGV]] lines in [[France]], Berlin's new [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]] station, or [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] lines in [[Germany]]. [[United Kingdom|Britain]] boasts a new modern rail terminus at [[Waterloo station|Waterloo International]], the end-point for the [[Eurostar]] [[Channel Tunnel]] train services to France and [[Belgium]]. This station will cease to be the Eurostar terminal when the new [[St Pancras railway station]], connected to the high-speed [[Channel Tunnel rail link]], opens in 2007.
 
<br clear="all" />
== Development ==
[[File:Estacion-Retiro-v2.jpg|thumb|left|The grand [[Retiro railway station]] in [[Buenos Aires]], 1915, was the largest station in the world at the time. The station's steel frame was made in Liverpool in England and shipped to Argentina.]]
[[File:North Western Hotel - geograph.org.uk - 1000304.jpg|thumb|left|[[Liverpool Lime Street Station]] is fronted by a chateau.]]
[[File:Vitebsky vokzal.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Vitebsky Rail Terminal|Vitebsky]] station in [[Saint Petersburg]], an example of a grand Russian terminal.]]
[[File:Grand Central Station Main Concourse Jan 2006.jpg|thumb|left|[[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City is the world's largest station by number of platforms, having 67 tracks on two levels.]]
The world's first railway station was probably built for the [[Swansea and Mumbles Railway]], which began passenger service in 1807.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/swansea/pages/mumbles_trainanniv.shtml BBC - South West Wales Swansea - Mumbles Railway 1807 to 1960<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The world's oldest station built for steam locomotives which is still in use is [[Broad Green railway station]] in [[Liverpool]], England, which was built in 1830 and is on the [[Liverpool to Manchester Line]]. The joint oldest terminal station in the world (the other being Manchester's Liverpool Road, see below), was [[Crown Street railway station]] in Liverpool, built in 1830, also on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The station was the first to incorporate a [[train shed]]. The station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to [[Lime Street railway station]]. The station was converted to a [[goods station]] terminal.
 
The first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]], opened in 1830.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/transport/rail-stations.html
| title=Manchester Railway Stations
| author=Moss, John
| publisher=Papillon
| date=5 March 2007
| work=Manchester UK
| accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref> As of 2008, Manchester's ''[[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road Station]]'', the joint oldest terminal station in the world (and the only surviving one), is preserved as part of the [[Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester]]. It resembles a row of [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] houses.
Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities, though some railway lines were goods-only or passenger-only, and if a line was dual-purpose there would often be a goods depot apart from the passenger station.<ref>{{cite journal
| title=The Inception of the English Railway Station
| journal=[[Architectural History]]
| volume=4
| year=1961
| pages=63–76
| accessdate=13 March 2008
| doi=10.2307/1568245
| jstor=1568245
| publisher=SAHGB Publications Limited }}</ref>
 
Dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations.
In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, passengers wanting to board the train had to flag the train down in order for it to stop. Such stations were known as "[[flag stop]]s" or "flag stations".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://collections.ic.gc.ca/gatineau/stations.html|title=Stations of the Gatineau Railway|work=Historical Society of the Gatineau|accessdate=11 May 2006}}</ref>
 
Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the grandiose architecture of the time, lending prestige to the city as well as to railway operations.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/swissinfo.html?siteSect=105&sid=5050460
| title=Stations were gateways to the world
| publisher=SwissInfo
| date=2 June 2004
| author=Miserez, Marc-André
| accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref> Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles. Various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, [[Baroque]]- or [[Gothic (architecture)|Gothic]]-style edifices, to plainer [[utilitarian]] or [[modernism|modernist]] styles. Stations in Europe tended to follow British designs and were in some countries, like Italy, financed by British railway companies.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://members.aol.com/Zacarious1/his.italy.html
| title=Italian Railroad Stations
| work=History of Railroad Stations
| accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>
 
Stations built more recently often have a similar feel to airports, with a simple, abstract style. Examples of modern stations include those on newer [[high-speed rail]] networks, such as the [[Shinkansen]] in Japan, [[TGV]] lines in France and [[InterCityExpress|ICE]] lines in Germany.
 
== Station facilities ==
[[File:LewesStation Big.jpg|thumb|The typical non-terminus [[Lewes railway station]] in [[East Sussex]], United Kingdom. Passengers reach the island platform (on right) by a pedestrian footbridge. Two further platforms are out of view.]]
Stations usually have staffed ticket sales offices, automated [[ticket machine]]s, or both, although on some lines tickets are sold on board the trains. Many stations include a shop or convenience store. Larger stations usually have [[fast-food]] or [[restaurant]] facilities. In some countries, stations may also have a [[bar (establishment)|bar]] or [[pub]]. Other station facilities may include: [[toilet]]s, [[left-luggage]], [[Lost and found|lost-and-found]], [[public transport timetables|departures and arrivals boards]], luggage carts, [[waiting room]]s, [[taxi rank]]s and [[bus]] bays. Larger or manned stations tend to have a greater range of facilities. A basic station might only have platforms, though it may still be distinguished from a '''halt''', a stopping or halting place that may not even have platforms.
 
In many African and South American countries, and in many places in India, stations are used as a place for public markets and other informal businesses. This is especially true on [[tourist]] routes or stations near [[tourist destination]]s.
 
As well as providing services for passengers and loading facilities for goods, stations can sometimes have locomotive and rolling stock depots (usually with facilities for storing and refuelling rolling stock and carrying out minor repair jobs).
 
== Configurations of stations ==
{{see also|Railway station layout}}
In addition to the basic configuration of a station, various features set certain types of station apart. The first is the [[Rail transport#Level|level of the tracks]]. Stations are often sited where a road crosses the railway: unless the crossing is a [[level crossing]], the road and railway will be at different levels. The platforms will often be raised or lowered relative to the station entrance: the station buildings may be on either level, or both. The other arrangement, where the station entrance and platforms are on the same level, is also common, but is perhaps rarer in urban areas, except when the station is a terminus. Elevated stations are more common, not including metro stations. Stations located at level crossings can be problematic if the train blocks the roadway while it stops, causing road traffic to wait for an extended period of time.
 
Occasionally a station serves two or more railway lines at differing levels. This may be due to the station's position at a point where two lines cross (example: [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]]), or may be to provide separate station capacity for two types of service, e.g. intercity and suburban (examples: [[Paris-Gare de Lyon]] and Philadelphia's [[30th Street Station]]), or for two different destinations.
 
Stations may also be classified according to the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of tracks for the two directions; there is then a basic choice of an [[island platform]] between, or two separate platforms outside, the tracks. With more tracks, the possibilities expand.
 
Some stations have unusual platform layouts due to space constraints of the station location, or the alignment of the tracks. Examples include staggered platforms, such as at [[Tutbury and Hatton railway station]] on the Derby - Crewe line, and curved platforms, such as [[Cheadle Hulme railway station]] on the Macclesfield to Manchester Line. [[Railway_station_layout#Vee_.28open_triangle.29|Triangular stations]] also exist where two lines form a three-way junction and platforms are built on all three sides.
 
== Terminus ==<!--- some articles link here please do not change --->
[[File:Railway Office, Liverpool, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 267569.jpg|thumb|right|Opened in 1830 and reached through a tunnel, Liverpool's [[Crown Street railway station]] was the first ever railway terminus. The station was demolished after only six years being replaced by [[Lime Street Station]] in the city centre. The tunnel still exists.]]
[[File:Liverpool Road railway station, Manchester.jpg|thumb|right|Opened in 1830, [[Liverpool Road railway station (Manchester)|Liverpool Road station]] in [[Manchester]] is the oldest surviving railway terminus building in the world.]]
[[File:Spa Road railway station 1836.jpg|thumb|right|Opened in 1836, [[Spa Road railway station]] in London was the city's first terminus and also the world's first elevated station and terminus.]]
[[File:Zuerich Hauptbahnhof.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Zurich Hauptbahnhof|Hauptbahnhof]] (Main Station) in [[Zurich]], Switzerland; As well as being a terminus, the station now has underground [[S-Bahn]] platforms serving a newer line that runs beneath the city centre.]]
A "terminal" or "terminus" is a station at the end of a railway line. Trains arriving there have to end their journeys (terminate) or reverse out of the station. Depending on the layout of the station, this usually permits travellers to reach all the [[railway platform|platform]]s without the need to cross any [[rail tracks|tracks]] – the public entrance to the station and the main reception facilities being at the far end of the platforms.
 
Sometimes, however, the track continues for a short distance beyond the station, and terminating trains continue forwards after depositing their passengers, before either proceeding to sidings or reversing to the station to pick up departing passengers. [[Bondi Junction railway station|Bondi Junction]] is like this.
 
Many terminus stations have underground rapid-transit urban rail stations beneath, to transit passengers to the local city or district.
 
A terminus is frequently, but not always, the final destination of trains arriving at the station. However a number of cities, especially in continental Europe, have a terminus as their main railway stations, and all main lines converge on this station. There may also be a bypass line, used by freight trains that do not need to stop at the main station. In such cases all trains passing through that main station must leave in the reverse direction from that of their arrival. There are several ways in which this can be accomplished:
* arranging for the service to be provided by a [[multiple-unit]] or [[push-pull train]], both of which are capable of operating in either direction; the driver simply walks to the other end of the train and takes control from the other cab; this is increasingly the normal method in Europe;
* by detaching the locomotive which brought the train into the station and then either
** using another track to "run it around" to the other end of the train, to which it then re-attaches;
** attaching a second locomotive to the outbound end of the train; or
* by the use of a "[[Wye (railroad)|wye]]", a roughly triangular arrangement of track and [[Railroad switch|switches]] (points) where a train can reverse direction and back into the terminal.
 
Some former termini have a newer set of through platforms underneath (or above, or alongside) the terminal platforms on the main level. They are used by a cross-city extension of the main line, often for [[Commuter rail|commuter trains]], while the terminal platforms may serve long-distance services. Examples of underground through lines include the [[Thameslink]] platforms at {{stnlnk|St. Pancras}} in London, the [[Argyle Line|Argyle]] and [[North Clyde Line|North Clyde]] lines of [[Strathclyde Partnership for Transport|Glasgow's suburban rail network]], the recently built [[City Tunnel, Malmö|Malmö City Tunnel]], in [[Antwerp]] in Belgium, the [[RER]] at the [[Gare du Nord]] in Paris, and many of the numerous [[S-Bahn]] lines at terminal stations in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, such as at [[Zurich Hauptbahnhof]].
 
An American example of a terminal with this feature is [[Washington, DC]]'s [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]], where there are higher-level platforms, Gates A through G serving the terminating trains, such as some [[Northeast Regional]]s, the [[Vermonter]] and all [[Acela Express]]es. Some other [[Northeast Regional]] trains and Atlantic Coast service trains use lower-level platforms, Gates H through L (there is no Gate I), that tunnel right under the station concourse and continue to Virginia and beyond. [[Auto Train]] uses [[Lorton, Virginia]] Station for three primary reasons:
* the tri-level auto racks used to carry the cars are too tall to fit in the tunnels;
* the platforms would be too short to accommodate the 30-60 coach trainset;
* there is not enough room and there are too many tracks, trains, buildings and people around, so loading cars would be quite tricky.
 
Terminus stations in large cities are by far the biggest stations, with the largest being the [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City, United States.<ref>http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/usa/new-york/new-york-city/review-56720.html</ref> Often major cities, such as London, [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], Paris, [[Istanbul]], Tokyo and [[Milan]] have more than one terminus, rather than routes straight through the city. Train journeys through such cities often require alternative transport ([[rapid transit|metro]], [[bus]], [[taxicab|taxi]] or [[ferry]]) from one terminus to the other. For instance in Istanbul transfers from the [[İstanbul Sirkeci Terminal|Sirkeci Terminal]] (the European terminus) and the [[Haydarpaşa Terminal]] (the Asian terminus) requires crossing the [[Bosphorus]] via alternative means. Though some cities, including New York, have both termini and through lines.
 
Terminals that have competing rail lines using the station frequently set up a jointly owned [[terminal railroad]] to own and operate the station and its associated tracks and switching operations.
 
== Junction ==
{{main|Junction (rail)}}
 
A ''junction'' is a station where two or more rail routes meet. It could be a terminus or an en-route station.
 
== Stop ==
[[File:Stivesplat.jpg|thumb|A small terminus station in [[St Ives, Cornwall|St Ives]], [[Cornwall]], England, United Kingdom]]
[[File:Railway halt.jpg|thumb|A remote halt in Wales, United Kingdom]]
[[File:Railway station clock.JPG|thumb|Station clock.]]
During a journey, the term '''station stop''' may be used in announcements, to differentiate a halt during which passengers may alight from a halt for another reason, such as a [[locomotive change]].
 
A '''railway stop''' is a spot along a [[railway line]], usually between stations or at a seldom-used station, where [[passenger]]s can board and exit the [[train]].
 
While a junction or [[interlocking]] usually divides two or more lines or routes, and thus has remotely or locally operated [[railway signal|signals]], a station stop does not. A station stop usually does not have any tracks other than the main tracks, and may or may not have [[railroad switch|switches]] (points, crossovers).
 
=== Halt ===<!-- This section is linked from [[Halt]] -->
 
A '''halt''', in railway parlance in the British Commonwealth is a small station, usually unstaffed and with few or no facilities. In some cases, trains stop only on request, when passengers on the platform indicate that they wish to board, or passengers on the train inform the crew that they wish to alight.
 
In the United Kingdom, most former halts on the national railway networks have had the word ''halt'' removed from their names. Historically, in many instances the spelling 'halte' was used, before the spelling 'halt' became commonplace. There are three national rail stations with the suffix 'halt' remaining: [[Coombe Junction Halt railway station|Coombe Junction]], [[St Keyne Wishing Well Halt railway station|St Keyne Wishing Well]], and [[IBM railway station|IBM]].
 
A number of other halts are still open and operational on privately owned, heritage, and preserved railways throughout the British Isles. The word is often used informally to describe national rail network stations with limited service and low usage, such as the ''Oxfordshire Halts'' on the [[Cotswold Line]]. The title halt is also sometimes applied colloquially to stations served by public services but not available for use by the general public, being accessible only by persons travelling to/from an associated factory (for example IBM near Greenock and [[British Steel Redcar railway station|British Steel Redcar]]), military base (such as [[Lympstone Commando railway station|Lympstone Commando]]) or railway yard. The only such stations where the "halt" designation is still officially used are IBM Halt and [[Hoo Junction Staff Halt railway station|Hoo Junction Staff Halt]] on the [[North Kent Line]], which is used by staff to reach marshalling yards and is not open to passengers.
==Superlatives==
{{unreferenced|date=October 2006}}
 
The [[Great Western Railway]] in Great Britain, began opening ''haltes'' on 12 October 1903; from 1905, the French spelling was anglicised to 'halt'. These GWR halts had the most basic facilities, with platforms long enough for just one or two carriages; some had no platform at all, necessitating the provision of steps on the carriages. There was normally no station staff at a halt, tickets being sold on the train. On 1 September 1904, a larger version, known on the GWR as a 'platform' instead of a 'halt', was introduced; these had longer platforms, and were usually staffed by a senior grade porter, who sold tickets, and sometimes booked parcels or milk consignments.<ref>{{cite book |last=MacDermot |first=E.T. |title=History of the Great Western Railway |volume=Vol. II |publisher=[[Great Western Railway]] |location=Paddington |edition=1st |year=1931 |page=428 |chapter=Chapter XI: The Great Awakening |isbn=0-7110-0411-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Booker |first=Frank |title=The Great Western Railway: A New History |edition=2nd |origyear=1977 |year=1985 |publisher=[[David & Charles]] |location=Newton Abbot |isbn=0-946537-16-X |pages=112–113 }}</ref>
The world's busiest station, in terms of daily passenger throughput, is [[Shinjuku Station]] in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]. [[Ikebukuro Station]], just minutes away, is the world's second-busiest.
 
In many [[Commonwealth]] countries the term "halt" is still used.
The world's largest station, in terms of floor area, is [[Nagoya Station]] in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]]. However, the Nagoya Station complex incorporates two office towers and an underground shopping concourse, so the railway terminal itself is not large in comparison to others. Shinjuku Station is the second largest. In terms of platform capacity, the world's largest station is [[Grand Central Terminal]] in [[New York City]], [[United States|USA]].
 
In the United States such stations are traditionally referred to as '''[[flag stop#United States|flag stop]]s'''.
==Terminus stations==
 
== Accessibility ==
A '''terminus''' is a station sited where a railway line ends ("terminates"). Thus, platforms can be reached without crossing the lines, or using elevated or subterranean access. A (mainly) terminus station may also have one or more lines which pass through ([[Manchester Piccadilly Station]]).
Accessibility for people with disabilities is mandated by law in some countries. Considerations include: elevator or ramp access to all platforms, matching platform height to train floors, making wheelchair lifts available when platforms do not match vehicle floors, accessible toilets and pay phones, audible station announcements, and safety measures such as tactile marking of platform edges.
 
<br style="clear:right" />
Often a terminus is the final destination of a train, but not necessarily. When a train is required to travel onwards from a terminus, it must reverse out of the station to continue the trip (the same may happen at non-terminus stations, for trains on some routes such as the UK's [[Central Trains]] service from Stansted Airport to Birmingham/Manchester/Liverpool, which changes direction at [[Ely]]).
[[Imagem:Frankfurt am Main Hauptbahnhof von oben.jpg|thumb|250px|Aerial view of the main terminal in [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]], showing the many interconnecting lines beyond the station building.]]
 
== Goods stations ==
Reversing direction sometimes causes some worry to travellers on an unfamiliar route — perhaps assuming that the train has finished its journey and is returning to the starting location. Some travellers prefer facing forward and will, if possible, change place when there is a reversal of direction. In some types of carriages, train personnel (or even passengers themselves) are able to turn the seats or (as on the trams in [[Blackpool]]) move the backs of the seats across, so that all travellers face forward.
{{Main|Goods station}}
[[File:09 Warehouses etc at the end of the Tunnel towards Wapping, from Bury's Liverpool and Manchester Railway, 1831 - artfinder 267568.jpg|thumb|right|Reached by a {{convert|1.24|mi|m}} long tunnel, the 1830 [[Park Lane railway goods station|Park Lane Goods Terminus]] at Liverpool's docks was the world's first station built entirely for freight.]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1986-0418-002, Rostock, Güterbahnhof.jpg|thumb|Goods station with fan of sidings and hump signals at [[Rostock]], former East Germany, 1986]]
Goods or freight stations deal exclusively or predominantly with the loading and unloading of goods and may well have [[marshalling yards]] (classification yards) for the sorting of wagons. The world's first Goods terminal was the 1830 [[Park Lane railway goods station|Park Lane Goods Station]] at the South End Liverpool Docks. Built in 1830 the terminal was reached by a {{convert|1.24|mi|m}} tunnel.
 
As goods have been increasingly moved by road, many former goods stations, as well as the goods sheds at passenger stations, have closed. In addition, many goods stations today are used purely for the cross-loading of freight and may be known as transshipment stations. Where they primarily handle containers they are also known as container stations or terminals.
==Station facilities==
Railway stations usually include either ticket booths, or [[Vending machine#ticket machine|ticket machines]]. Ticket sales may also be combined with customer service desks or [[convenience store]]s. Many stations include some form of convenience store. Larger stations usually have [[fast-food]] or [[restaurant]] facilities. In some countries, such stations also have a [[bar (establishment)|bar]], or [[pub]]. Other station facilities include: [[toilet]]s, [[left-luggage]], [[Lost and found|lost-and-found]], [[timetable|departures and arrivals boards]], luggage carts, [[waiting room]]s, [[taxi rank]]s and [[bus]] bays. Larger or manned stations tend to have a greater range of facilities. A most basic station might only have platforms, though it would still be distinguished from a '''halt''', a stopping or halting place that may not even have platforms.
 
<br style="clear:right"/>
In many [[Africa]]n and [[South America]]n countries' stations are used as a place for public markets and other informal business. This is especially true on [[tourist]] routes or stations near [[tourist destination]]s as souvenirs can be made and sold to "wealthy" visitors to the county.
 
== ConfigurationsLargest, ofbusiest trainand highest stations ==
{{Stack|[[File:JR Central Towers.jpg|thumb|[[Nagoya Station]] in Japan is the world's tallest station building.]]
[[File:Gare du Nord Paris.jpg|thumb|The [[Gare du Nord]] in France is Europe's busiest station.]]
[[File:Clapham Junction South London.JPG|thumb|{{stnlnk|Clapham Junction}}, in South London, United Kingdom, is the busiest station in terms of rail traffic with an average of one train every 13 seconds at peak times.]]}}
 
=== Worldwide ===
''See also [[railway station layouts]]''
{{see also|List of highest railway stations in the world}}
*[[Tanggula Railway Station]] located in [[Amdo County]], [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] is currently [[List of highest railway stations in the world|the '''highest station''' in the world]]. India's proposed [[Bilaspur-Mandi-Leh Railway]], once completed, will reach an even higher elevation. As of 2010, no passenger transport service was available since the region is uninhabited.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
* The world's '''busiest passenger station''', in terms of daily passenger throughput, is [[Shinjuku Station]] in Tokyo.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/machines_and_engineering/building_the_biggest/busiest_railway/index.shtml
| title=Machines & Engineering: Building the Biggest
| publisher=Discovery Channel
| year=2008
| accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref> The station was used by an average of 3.64 million people per day in 2007.
* As of 2006, the world's '''largest station''' was [[Beijing West station]] in Beijing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-08/10/content_4946567.htm|title=Shanghai to have Asia's largest railway station|date=10 August 2006|accessdate=15 May 2010|publisher=[[Xinhua]]}}</ref> But subsequent stations have also been claimed as larger than Beijing West; Beijing South, Guangzhou South, Nanjing South, Shanghai Hongqiao and Xi'an North all also claim to be Asia's largest.<ref>http://www.railcn.net/news/railway-express/85600.html</ref>
* In terms of platform capacity, the world's '''largest station by platforms''' is [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City with 44 platforms<ref>[http://www.auto-free.org/regiongc.html]</ref> and, as part of the [[East Side Access]] Project, the [[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (New York)|MTA]] will be adding 4 more platforms to accommodate future [[Long Island Rail Road]] trains.
 
=== Europe ===
In addition to the basic configuration of a railway station, various features set certain types of station apart. The first is the [[Rail transport#Level|level of the tracks]]. Stations are often sited where a road crosses the railway: unless the crossing is a [[level crossing]], the road and railway will be at different levels. The platforms will often be raised or lowered relative to the station entrance: the station buildings may be on either level, or both. The other arrangement, where the station entrance and platforms are on the same level, is also common, but is perhaps rarer in urban areas, except when the station is a terminus. Elevated stations are more common, not including metro stations. Stations located at level crossings can be problematic if the train blocks the roadway while it stops, causing drivers to wait for an extended period of time.
'''Busiest'''
* The [[Gare du Nord]], in Paris, is Europe's busiest station '''by total passenger numbers'''.
* {{stnlnk|Clapham Junction}}, in south London, is Europe's busiest station '''by daily rail traffic''' (one train every 13 seconds at peak times; one train every 30 seconds at off-peak times).
* [[Zurich Hauptbahnhof]], Switzerland, is Europe's busiest terminus '''by daily rail traffic''' (Clapham Junction is a through station).
'''Largest'''
* [[Leipzig Hauptbahnhof]] in Germany is Europe's largest station '''by floor area''' (24 platforms and several levels of shopping facilities beneath).
* [[Berlin Hauptbahnhof]] is Europe's largest [[Grade separation|grade-separated]] and two-level station (6 upper and 8 lower platforms).
* [[Munich Hauptbahnhof]] is Europe's largest station '''by number of platforms ''' (34, plus 6 additional platforms serving the U-Bahn).
 
=== North America ===
An unusual configuration is where the station serves railway lines at differing levels. This may be due to the station's situation at a point where two lines cross, or may be to provide separate station capacity for two types of service, e.g. intercity and suburban, or simply two different destinations.
* [[Pennsylvania Station (New York City)|Penn Station]] in New York City is the busiest station in North America.<ref>{{cite press release
| url=http://www.empire.state.ny.us/moynihanstation/default.asp
| title=State begins public review for new Moynihan Station
| date=23 October 2007
| publisher=Empire State Development
| accessdate=12 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| author=Jackson, Kenneth T., ed.
| title=Encyclopedia of New York City,
| pages=891 }}</ref>
* Toronto's [[Union Station (Toronto)|Union Station]] is the busiest station in Canada.
 
=== Other records ===
Stations may also be classified on the layout of the platforms. Apart from single-track lines, the most basic arrangement is a pair of railway tracks for the two directions; but even there there is a basic choice of an island platform between the tracks, or two separate platforms outside the tracks. With more tracks, the possibilities expand.
* [[Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue (New York City Subway)|Coney Island – Stillwell Avenue]] in New York City is the world's largest ''elevated'' terminal{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} with 8 tracks and 4 island platforms.
* The [[Shanghai South Railway Station]], opened in June 2006, has the world's largest circular transparent roof.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://english.people.com.cn/200606/26/eng20060626_277464.html |title=The railway station with world's largest transparent roof |date=26 June 2006 |newspaper=People's Daily |location =Beijing |accessdate=13 March 2008}}</ref>
* [[Châtelet - Les Halles (Paris RER)|Châtelet-Les Halles]], in the centre of Paris, is the busiest underground station in the world.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} Approximately 750,000 passengers pass through it per day.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ratp.fr/common/ressources/concertation_p1.pdf| title=Un pôle de transport d'envergure régional| publisher=RATP| language=French| format=PDF| accessdate=13 March 2008 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080307170412/http://www.ratp.fr/common/ressources/concertation_p1.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 7 March 2008}}</ref>
* The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] in New Delhi, India holds the record for the largest route interlock system in the world.
 
[[File:Haydarpasa train station.jpg|thumb|200px|Haydarpaşa Railway Station, which was built in İstanbul as the starting point of the Baghdad Railway]]
Some stations have unusual platform layouts, due to space constraints of the station location, or the alignment of the railway lines. Examples include non-parallel platforms, Such as Tutbury and Hatton on the Derby - Crewe line, and curved stations (and platforms), such as Cheadle Hulme on the Macclesfield to Manchester Line
 
==Accessibility Gallery ==
<gallery>
Accessibility for people with disabilities is important in station design and mandated by law in some countries. Considerations include: elevator or ramp access to all platforms, matching platform height to train floors, making wheelchair lifts available when platforms do not match vehicle floors, accessible toilets and pay phones, audible station announcements, safety measures such as tactile marking of platform edges and covering of [[third rail]].
File:Quetta Railway Station - 40311.jpg|The [[Quetta]] railway station.
File:RailwayStationClock.jpg |The unique [[Deutsche Bahn]] [[clock]] in Germany
File:Carts.jpg|[[Baggage cart]]s for refundable deposit in a German railway station
File:Brig2.jpg|View of Alps from [[Brig, Switzerland|Brig]] railway station
File:LowLyingPlatofrm.jpg|Low-lying platform at a station in the outskirts of [[Bern]]
File:ICECoupler.jpg|[[Intercity-Express|ICE]] at [[Cologne]] station
File:Stazione Centrale Milano.JPG|[[Milano Centrale railway station]] in Italy
File:Spoorwegkathedraal.jpg|[[Antwerp Central Station]] in Belgium, nicknamed the "Railway Cathedral"
File:Blyrlw.jpg|[[Bareilly Junction]] in [[Bareilly]], [[India]]
File:Siemens Israel.jpg|[[Tel Aviv Savidor Central Railway Station]] in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]]
File:Estação da Luz.jpg|[[Luz Station]] in [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]], Brazil. Since 2006, is also the seat of [[Museum of the Portuguese Language]].
</gallery>
 
== See also ==
Linha 83 ⟶ 245:
* [[Train order station]] -->
 
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