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<!--{{Infobox cemetery
| name = West Norwood Cemetery
| image = West Norwood Cemetery.jpg
| imagesize = 260
| caption = Gothic inner gates to the cemetery, designed by Sir [[William Tite]]
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| established = 1836
| country = [[England]]
| location = [[West Norwood]], [[London]]
| coordinates =
| latitude = 51.43354
| longitude = -0.10314
| type = Public
| style =
| owner =
| size = {{convert|40|acre|ha}}
| graves = 42,000+
| interments = around 200,000
| website = {{official website|http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/Services/CommunityLiving/DeathsFuneralsCremations/Cemeteries.htm}}
| findagrave =
| political =
}}
-->
O '''Cemitério de West Norwood''' ({{lang-en|'''West Norwood Cemetery'''}} é um [[cemitério]] em [[West Norwood]], [[Londres]], [[Inglaterra]], com área de 40 [[Acre (unidade)|acres]] (16 [[hectare]]s). Foi também conhecido como o Cemitério Metropolitano Sul (''South Metropolitan Cemetery''). Um dos primeiros cemitérios privados paisagísticos de Londres, é um dos [[Os Sete Magníficos, Londres|Sete Magníficos]] cemitérios de Londres, local de grande significação histórica, arquitetural e ecológica.
==Localização==
O portão principal está localizado na ''Norwood Road'', próximo à junção com a ''Robson Road'', onde a ''Norwood Road'' bifurca na ''Norwood High Street'' e ''Knights' Hill''. Está na [[Anexo:Lista dos boroughs da Grande Londres|borough]] de [[Lambeth]]. As autoridades locais são os atuais proprietários.
==Sitio==
Avaliado a tenir a colecção a mais fina de monumentos sepulcrais na Londres, caracteriza 69 [[Listed building|prédios listados]] e estruturas do Grau II e Grau II*, incluindo uma necrópole [[Igreja Ortodoxa Grega|ortodoxa grega]] dedicada com 19 monumentos e mausoléus listados. É um dos [[Os Sete Magníficos, Londres|Sete Magníficos]] cemitérios metropolitanos da [[Era Vitoriana]], e a sea [[arquitetura]] [[Neogótico|neogótica]] extensiva o qualifica com um dos cemitérios mais significados na Europa.
Lambeth tem reconhecido o cemitério como um sitio de valor de conservação de natureza na borough, em adição a o seu valor como um sitio de interesse histórico e cultural nacional. [[English Heritage]] o tem assentado no Registro Nacional de Parques e Jardines, o descrevendo como o primeiro cemitério de estar desenhado no estilo neogótico.
O portão de entrar é estabelecido dentro estacadas, pintadas na cor marrom, acurado históricamente. As estacadas e os muros foram edificados altos por afastar os medos de roubos de corpos.
Tem um segundo portão próximo, normalmente fechado a chave, na ''Norwood High Street'', que é próximo na estação de ''West Norwood''.
[[Ficheiro:Henry Doulton Mausoleum West Norwood Cemetery.jpg|thumb|right|O mausoléu de Sir Henry Doulton com o crematório no fundo]]
O cemitério é uma mistura de paisagismo clareado, cuidado das unhas, e maduro, e inclue cemitérios [[Igreja Anglicana|anglicanos]] e não consagrados, um [[crematório]], jardines de memorial, um [[columbário]], uma [[capela]], criptas funerarias e [[catacumba]]s, na copa de uma colina ondulada, com vistas sobre o sul de Londres. Os lotes mais grandes em a terra central mais alta e por os caminhos principais foram vendidos originalmente como locações primárias e são os sitios de alguns dos monumentos e [[mausoléu]]s anglicanos mais grandiosos, passo a necrópole ortodoxa grega na esquina nordeste conta uma gran densidade de arquitetura neoclásica.
Muitos de estos mausoléus são [[Listed building|listados]], como por exemplo o mausoléu Grau II por a família de Sir Henry Doulton, edificado apropriadamente de cerâmica e terracota. Por contraste, poucos metros al oeste do crematório está a pedra tumular mais simples na Isabella Mary Mayson Beeton, conhecida como «Mrs. Beeton», a escritora victoriana de culinária.
{{Tradução de|http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Norwood_Cemetery}}
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==History==
[[File:westnorcem1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Panayis Athanase Vagliano|Vagliano's]] mausoleum in the Greek necropolis within West Norwood Cemetery]]
The cemetery was founded by its own Act of Parliament of 1836 and consecrated for its first burials in 1837. By 2000, there had been 164,000 [[burials]] in 42,000 plots, plus 34,000 [[cremation]]s and several thousand interments in its [[catacombs]] ''(see also [[Catacombs of London]])''.
As early as 1711, [[Sir Christopher Wren]] advocated the creation of burial grounds on the outskirts of town, "inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a walk round, and two cross walks, decently planted with Yew-trees".<ref name=wren>''It will be enquired, where then shall be the Burials? I answer, in Cemeteries seated in the Out-skirts of the Town... This being inclosed with a strong Brick Wall, and having a Walk round, and two cross Walks, decently planted with Yew-trees, the four Quarters may serve four Parishes, where the Dead need not be disturbed at the Pleasure of the Sexton, or piled four or five upon one another, or Bones thrown out to gain Room.''</br>Wren, Letter of advice to the Commissioners for Building Fifty New City Churches, 1711</ref> In 1830, [[George Frederick Carden]], editor of [[The Penny Magazine]], successfully petitioned [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] about the parlous state of London's over-full church burial yards. Over time they passed a number of laws that effectively halted burials in London's churchyards, moving them 'to places where they would be less prejudicial to the health of the inhabitants'.
In 1836, a specific Parliamentary [[statute]] enabled the South Metropolitan Cemetery Company to purchase land from the estate of the late [[Edward Thurlow|Lord Thurlow]] in what was then called [[West Norwood|Lower Norwood]] and create the second of the '[[Magnificent Seven, London|Magnificent Seven]]' cemeteries.
The new cemetery was consecrated by the [[Bishop of Winchester]] on 7 December 1837, receiving its first burial soon after. Until 1877, the consecrated grounds were overseen by the [[Diocese of Winchester]], and then [[Diocese of Rochester|Rochester]], before coming under the authority of [[Anglican Diocese of Southwark|Southwark]] from 1905.
[[Architect]] [[William Tite]] was a [[Board of directors|director]] of the cemetery company and designed the landscaping, some monuments, and was eventually interred there himself.
This was the first cemetery in the UK to be designed in the new [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]] style. It offered a rural setting in open countryside, as it lay outside London at that time. Its design and location attracted the attention of wealthy - and aspirational - Victorians, who commissioned many fine mausoleums and memorials for their burial plots and vaults.
The cemetery was built on the site of the ancient [[Great North Wood]], from which Norwood took its name. Although many trees had been cleared, a number of mature specimens were included in Tite's original landscaping. A tree survey of the cemetery in 2005 identified one oak which is thought to date from 1540-1640. Fourteen more oaks, a maple and an ash tree were identified that predate the foundation of the cemetery in 1836. In the first years of the cemetery's operation, these were joined by coniferous trees and evergreen holm oaks.<ref>[http://www.fownc.org/newsletters/no54.shtml Friends of West Norwood Cemetery newsletter], No 54. September 2005. Landscape Historical Survey</ref>
The site originally included two Gothic chapels at the crest of the hill, which dominated the local landscape. A consecrated chapel faced west; its entrance was flanked with two octagonal towers, and cloisters spanning over the Anglican catacombs. To the north was a Dissenters' chapel, with its north entrance flanked by cloisters over its unconsecrated catacombs.
===Enclosures===
[[File:westnorcem2.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Graves and memorials in the cemetery. The tomb holding [[Maria Zambaco]] is in the foreground.]]
In 1842, a section of the cemetery was acquired by London's Greek community for a Greek Orthodox cemetery, and this soon filled with many fine monuments and large mausoleums, memorialising the history of [[Greeks in the United Kingdom|Anglo-Hellenic families]]. Grade II*-listed St Stephen's Chapel within the Greek section is sometimes attributed to architect [[John Oldrid Scott]]. The Greek necropolis is overseen by the trustees of the [[St Sophia's Cathedral, London|Cathedral of Saint Sophia]].
Another enclosure in the south-east corner was acquired by [[St Mary-at-Hill]] in the [[City of London]] for its own parish burials.
===More recent history===
The chapels were both damaged by a V-1 flying bomb during [[World War II]]. After the war, the Episcopal chapel was levelled, to be replaced by a memorial garden over its catacombs.
The main office at the front of the cemetery was also damaged by another flying bomb; it was rebuilt after the war in a style more sympathetic to its gothic surroundings.
Between 1978 and 1993, the cemetery achieved several levels of official recognition by being included in the West Norwood Conservation Area, while the entrance arch, the fine railings by [[Joseph Bramah|Bramah]] and 64 monuments were [[listed buildings|listed]] as Grade II and II* - more listed monuments than any other cemetery.
However, space for new burials had largely been exhausted during in the inter-war years, and, deprived of this regular source of income, the cemetery company was unable to properly afford its upkeep or the repair of buildings damaged by wartime bombing. Lambeth Council [[compulsory purchase|compulsorily purchased]] the cemetery in 1965, and controversially extinguished past rights and claimed ownership over the existing graves. Lambeth changed some of the character of the grounds through "lawn conversion", removing at least 10,000 monuments (including some of the listed monuments) and restarted new burials, reselling existing plots for re-use.
[[Consistory Court]] cases fought in the [[Anglican Diocese of Southwark|Southwark Diocese]] in 1995 and 1997 found this to be illegal. It brought about the cessation of new burials and forced the restoration of a handful of the damaged or removed monuments. In addition it required Lambeth to publish an index of cleared and resold plots, so that the descendants of historic owners can identify and request restitution of their family's plot.<ref>[http://www.lambeth.gov.uk/cemetery/ Cemetery database] of resold plots. Other burials which were not disturbed are not listed.</ref>
As a consequence of the courts' findings, Lambeth now operates the cemetery in accordance with a scheme of management under the joint control of all interested parties that includes Lambeth, the Diocese, the Friends of West Norwood Cemetery and conservation bodies such as [[English Heritage]].
===Crematorium===
While the Anglican catacombs were a popular place for interment, those below the Dissenter's chapel remained largely empty. With the rise of the cremation movement the Cemetery Company identified this as a new source of revenue, and chose to rebuild part of the Dissenters' chapel in 1915 as a crematory with access from the main hall or and from the west. A Tousoil Fradet & Cie gas cremator was installed in the crematory hall, with its regenerator installed in a vacant portion of the catacombs below. A short length of track led from the hall into the crematory for the use of a metal 'introducer' bier. This furnace was augmented over the next few years by two more cremators, designed by the cemetery superintendent Lockwood and the engineering company of Youngs. This equipment was located entirely underground, and utilised the original Bramah hydraulic lift of the catacombs to lower the coffin, where a 'marshalling yard' of narrow gauge railway track allowed the bier to be moved to the correct furnace.
After the war, the Dissenter's chapel was rebuilt in a more modern style as a crematorium, recordia and columbarium over the dissenter's catacombs and furnaces. Its equipment has been updated several times, and it cremators are still used on a daily basis.
==Interments and memorials==
{{maincat|Burials at West Norwood Cemetery}}
A [[War Memorial]] in the form of a [[Cross of Sacrifice]] is the first memorial a visitor encounters, between the main gate and the inner gate. The [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] lists 136 Commonwealth burials of the Great War and 52 of [[World War II]], plus 18 cremations. There is also one Belgian war burial and two Greek civilian victims of the [[RMS Lusitania]]. There are many Anglo-Indian Army officers buried in various parts of the cemetery. [[Spencer John Bent]], [[Victoria Cross]] recipient for action in [[World War I]], who was cremated here, is commemorated in a garden of remembrance.
More than 200 people in the cemetery are recorded in the [[Dictionary of National Biography]]. The Friends of West Norwood Cemetery have recorded and compiled biographies for [[:Category:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery|many more]] of these with:
* a large number of inventors, engineers, architects, and builders, such as Sir [[Hiram Maxim]], inventor of the automatic machine gun, Sir [[Henry Bessemer]], engineer and inventor of the famous steel process, [[James Henry Greathead]] who tunnelled much of the [[London Underground]], [[William Burges]] and Sir [[William Tite]], gothic architects
* many artists and entertainers, including: [[David Roberts (painter)|David Roberts]], artist, [[William Collingwood Smith]], painter, [[Joseph Barnby]], composer and resident conductor at the [[Royal Albert Hall]], [[Katti Lanner]], ballet dancer, and actors [[E. J. Lonnen]], [[Patsy Smart]], [[Maria Zambaco]] and [[Mary Brough]].
* many notable medics, such as: Dr [[William Marsden (surgeon)|William Marsden]], founder of the [[Royal Free Hospital]] and [[The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust|The Royal Marsden Hospital]], Dr [[Gideon Mantell]], the geologist and pioneering palaeontologist, and Sister [[Eliza Roberts]], ([[Florence Nightingale]]'s principal nurse during the Crimean War)
* many sportsmen, including [[C. W. Alcock]], founder of [[Test cricket]] and the [[FA Cup]], [[Georg Hackenschmidt]], Anglo-Russian professional wrestler.
There are also many notables of the time, such as Sir [[Henry Tate]], sugar magnate and founder of London's [[Tate Gallery]], [[Arthur Anderson (businessman)|Arthur Anderson]], co-founder of the [[Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company]], [[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Baron von Reuter]], founder of the [[Reuters|news agency]], and the Revd. [[Charles Spurgeon]], [[Baptist]] preacher, [[Isabella Beeton]] (the famous cookery writer), who died at 28 in childbirth, [[Lloyd Jones (socialist)]], [[Co-operative Society]] activist, to name but a few.
The [[Greek diaspora]] is well represented, including the [[Ralli Brothers|Ralli family]], [[Panayis Athanase Vagliano|Panayis Vagliano]], [[Michel Emmanuel Rodocanachi|Rodocanachi family]], and Princess Eugenie [[Palaiologos|Palaeologue]].
==Galeria==
West Norwood Cemetery is one of the [[Magnificent Seven, London|Magnificent Seven]]. It is one of the two cemeteries located south of the river Thames (the other being [[Nunhead Cemetery]]).
<gallery>
Imagem:West_Norwood_Cemetery_Main_Gate.JPG|Entrance gates on Norwood Road leading to the original 1837 gates
Imagem:Doulton mausoleum.JPG|The [[Henry Doulton|Doulton]] terracotta mausoleum, listed Grade II
Imagem:Ship_monument.JPG|The John Wimble memorial on Ship Path, grade II
Imagem:Britton_Monolith.JPG|The [[John Britton (antiquary)|Britton]] dolmen, grade II*
Imagem:Hebert_Grave.JPG|The grave of Sidney Robert Hebert
Imagem:Gilbart_Memorial.JPG|The [[James William Gilbart|J.W. Gilbart]] memorial, grade II
Imagem:WNC_Maxim.JPG | Stone of [[Sir Hiram Maxim]]
Imagem:WNC_Bessemer.JPG | Ledger and headstone of [[Sir Henry Bessemer]], grade II
Imagem:WNC_Beeton.JPG | Headstone of [[Mrs Beeton]]
Imagem:WNC_Tate.JPG | Ceramic mausoleum of [[Sir Henry Tate]], grade II*
Imagem:Mausolea_being_restored.JPG|The iron monument of [[Henry Grissell|Grissell]] on left, grade II, the granite and limestone mausoleum of Alexander Berens by [[Edward Middleton Barry|E.M. Barry]] on right, grade II*
Imagem:Fox in West Norwood.JPG|Wildlife in West Norwood Cemetery
</gallery>
==Cemeteries nearby==
*This cemetery {{coord|51.432977|N|0.098117|W}}
*[[Camberwell Cemeteries|Camberwell Old Cemetery]] {{coord|51.4508|N|0.0585|W|region:GB}}
*[[Camberwell Cemeteries|Camberwell New Cemetery]] {{coord|51.4542|N|0.0477|W|region:GB}}
*[[Nunhead Cemetery]] {{coord|51.4636|N|0.0528|W|region:GB}}
*[[Lambeth Cemetery]] {{coord|51.427554|N|0.181996|W}}
*[[Streatham Cemetery]] {{coord|51.433455|N|0.174450|W}}
==Transporte==
The cemetery is easily reached with public transport:
* Bus: 2, 68, 196, 315, 322, 432, 468 all have stops nearby
* Train: West Norwood railway station is close by.
* Underground: Brixton station is the nearest, still being a few miles away (but a nice walk)
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{{Referências}}
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