Preservação: diferenças entre revisões
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[[Imagem:1951PreservationOfDeclarationOfIndependenceByNBS.jpg|right|thumb|300px|[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] preservando a Declaração de Independência dos EUA em 1951]]
[[Imagem:Old book bindings.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Livros deteriorados na biblioteca do [[Merton College]], Oxford.]]
'''Preservação''' é uma política adotada nas empresas para a conservação dos documentos e vem das áreas de [[Arquivologia]], da [[biblioteconomia]] e [[museologia]] preocupado com a manutenção ou a restauração do acesso a artefatos, documentos e registros através do estudo, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção de danos e da deterioração.<ref>{{
==História==
===Antecedentes===
Apesar de a preservação, enquanto profissão formal desempenhada em [[biblioteca]]s e [[arquivo]]s, datar do século XX, sua filosofia e prática tem raízes em tradições mais antigas.<ref>{{
O registro humano de dados humanos pode ser traçado até o boom da [[arte rupestre]] no [[paleolítico superior]], uns 32 ou 40 mil anos atrás. Antecedentes mais diretos são os [[História da escrita|sistemas de escrita]] que se desenvolveram no quarto milênio a.C.. Registros escritos e práticas de compartilhamento de informação, juntamente com a [[tradição oral]], sustêm e transmitem informação de um grupo para outro. Esse nível de preservação tem sido suplementado ao longo do último século com a prática profissional de preservação e conservação do legado cultural das comunidades.
#[[Tradição oral]] ou [[cultura oral|''cultura oral'']]'','' a transmissão de informação de uma geração à outra sem um sistema de escrita.
#Práticas de antiquários, inclusive [[Escriba|práticas escribas]], [[Sepultamento|práticas de sepultamento]], as bibliotecas [[Biblioteca de Pérgamo|Pérgamo]], [[Biblioteca de Alexandria|
#Práticas medievais, inclusive o [[scriptorium]] e as coleções de [[relíquia]]s
#[[Renascimento]] e a concepção em mudança de artistas e obras arte
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===Acontecimentos significativos===
*1933: [[William Barrow]] introduz a [[desacidificação do papel]] quando publica um ''paper'' sobre o problema do [[papel ácido]]. em estudos posteriores, Barrow testou papéis de livros americanos feitos entre 1900 e 1949 e descobriu que depois de quarenta anos os livros tinham perdido em média 96 por cento da sua resistência original; depois de menos de 10 anos, eles já perdiam 64 por cento. Barrow determinou que essa rápida deterioração não era um resultado direto do uso de [[celulose]], uma vez que o papel-pano do mesmo período também se deteriorava com rapidez, mas devido aos resíduos de [[ácido sulfúrico]] da produção tanto do papel de celulose quanto do papel-pano. Métodos de manufatura usados depois de 1870 empregavam ácido sulfúrico para ''[[sizing]]'' e para esbranquear o papel. Métodos de fabricação de papel mais antigos deixavam o produto final apenas levemente [[alcalinidade|alcalino]] ou mesmo [[pH|neutro]]. Esses papéis tem mantido sua resistência por muito mais tempo, de 3 a 8 séculos, apesar do [[dióxido de enxofre]] e outros [[Poluição atmosférica|poluentes do ar]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Stevens|first=Rolland E. |
*1966: A [[Enchente do Rio Arno em Florença]] danificou ou destruiu milhões de livros raros e levou ao desenvolvimento de laboratórios de restauração e novas técnicas de conservação. Importante para esse processo foi o conservacionista [[Peter Waters]], que liderou um grupo de voluntários, chamados de "anjos da lama", no esforço de restauração de milhares de livros e manuscritos. Esse evento alertou muitos historiadores, bibliotecários e outros profissionais sobre a importância de se ter um plano de preservação. Muitos consideram essa enchente como um dos piores desastres desde o incêndio na [[Biblioteca de Alexandria]] na [[Roma antiga]]. Ele levou a um ressurgimento na profissão de conservação e preservação em todo o mundo.
*1987: Terry Saunders lança o filme [[Slow fire|Slow Fires: On the Preservation of the Human Record]] que examina a deterioração do papel devido ao ácido.
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*[[Nicholson Baker]] é um romancista americano contemporâneo e autor de ''[[Double Fold]]'', uma crítica à destruição de mídia baseada em papel pelas bibliotecas.
*[[Patricia Battin]], como primeira presidente da ''Commission on Preservation and Access'', trabalhou para organizar uma campanha nacional (nos EUA) tanto pelo uso do papel alcalino pelas gráficas e editoras e um programa nacional de preservação através da [[microforma|microfilmagem]].
*John F. Dean, bibliotecário de preservação e conservação na [[Universidade Cornell]], tem dado contribuições no sentido de melhorar a [[preservação de livros em países em desenvolvimento]]. Especificamente, Dean criou tutoriais on-line para a conservação e preservação no [[sudeste da Ásia]] e no [[Iraque]].
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In general, the lower the temperature is, the better it is for the collection. However, since books and other materials are often housed in areas with people, a compromise must be struck to accommodate human comfort. A reasonable temperature to accomplish both goals is 65-68˚F however, if possible, film and photography collections should be keep in a segregated area at 55˚F. <ref>Lull, W.P. (1990). ''Conservation environment guidelines for libraries and archives; with the assistance of Paul N. Banks.'' Albany, NY: The University of the State of New York, The State Education Dept., The New York State Library, Division of Library Development.</ref>
Books and other materials take up and give off moisture making them sensitive to relative humidity. Very high humidity encourages mold growth and insect infestations. Low humidity causes materials to lose their flexibility. Fluctuations in relative humidity are more damaging then a constant humidity in the middle or low range. Generally, the relative humidity should be between 30-50% with as little variation as possible, however recommendations on specific levels to maintain vary depending on the type of material, i.e. paper-based, film, etc.<ref>{{
|accessdate=2007-12-09 |publisher=[http://www.nedcc.org/home.php Northeast Document Conservation Center]}}</ref>.
The [[Image Permanence Institute]] provides a downloadable calculator to assist in determining the ideal indoor temperature when taking into account the outdoor dew point. This calculator also provides information on the risk on condensation and how many days to mold based on the entered scenario.<ref>“Dew Point Calculator.” Image Permanence Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2008 from http://imagepermanenceinstitute.org/shtml_sub/dl_dewpointcalc.asp></ref>
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===Tomada de decisão e seus critérios===
Making a proper decision is an important factor before starting preservation practices. [[Decision making]] for preservation should be made considering significance and value of materials. Significance is considered to be comprised of two major components: importance and quality <ref>{{
Forms of significance can be historically, culturally, socially, or spiritually significant. In the preservation context, libraries and archives make decisions in different ways. In libraries, decision-making likely targets existing holding materials, where as in archives, decisions for preservation are often made when they acquire materials. Therefore, different criteria might be needed on different occasions. In general, for archive criteria, the points include: 1) the characteristics of a record (purpose, creator, etc.); 2) the quality of the information in the record; 3) the record in context (part of a series or not); 4) potential use and possible limitations; and 5) the cost against the benefits from its existence <ref>{{Citation | last =Ham | first =Daniel | last2 =Young | first2 =Sophie | publication-date = 2007 | title = A Regional Approach to Identifying Items of National Significance Held by Small Cultural Institutions in New Zealand | location=Chicago | publisher=[http://www.archivists.org/ Society of American Archivists]}}</ref>. For library criteria, the following are evidence of significance: 1) uniqueness, 2) irreplaceability, 3) high level of impact – over time or place, 4) high level of influence, 5) representation of a type, and 6) comparative value (rarity, completeness, integrity relative to others of its kind)<ref>{{cite journal |last= Pymm |first=Bob
===Seleção===
Since the 1970s, the [[Northeast Document Conservation Center]] has stated that the study of understanding the needs of the library is inherently important to the survival of archives and libraries. In order for the preservation of a collection to survive for a long time it is important that a systematic preservation plan is in place. The first step in planning a preservation program is to assess the institution’s existing preservation needs. This process entails identifying the general and specific needs of the collection, establishing priorities, and gathering the resources to execute the plan. <ref> {{Citation | last =Patkus | first = Beth| publication-date = 2003 | title = Assessing Preservation Needs, A Self-Survey Guide | publication-place = Andover| publisher =Northeast Document Conservation Center| }}</ref>
Because budget and time limitations require priorities to be set, standards have been established by the profession to determine what should be preserved in a collection. Considerations include existing condition, rarity, and evidentiary and market values. With non-paper formats, the availability of equipment to access the information will be a factor (for example, playback equipment for audio-visual materials, or microform readers). An institution should determine how many, if any, other repositories hold the material, and consider coordinating efforts with those that do. <ref> {{Citation | last =Nichols | first =Stephen G. | last2 =Smith | first2 =Abby | publication-date = 2001 | title = The Evidence in Hand: Report of the Task Force on the Artifact in Library Collections | publication-place =Washington, D.C. | publisher =Council on Library and Information Resources | isbn = 1887334882 | oclc = 48623491 | url =http://clir.org/pubs/abstract/pub103abst.html}}</ref>
Institutions should establish an environment conducive to preservation changes, involve staff, and create an understanding among administration and staff. The first steps an institution should implement, according to the NEDCC, are to establish a policy that defines and charts the course of action and create a framework for carrying out goals and priorities.
There are three methods for carrying out a preservation survey: general preservation assessment, collection condition surveys, and an item-by-item survey.<ref> {{Citation | last =Matthews | first =Graham | publication-date = 1995 | title = “Surveying Collections: The importance of Condition Assessment for Preservation Management” | publication-place =Washington, D.C. | publisher =Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 27, no. 4 | }}</ref>
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===Pesquisa e testes===
With old media deteriorating or showing their vulnerabilities and new media becoming available, research remains active in the field of conservation and preservation. Everything from how to preserve paper media to creating and maintaining electronic resources is being explored by students and professionals in library and information science. The two main issues that most libraries tend to face are the rapid disintegration of acidic paper and water damage (due to flooding, plumbing problems, etc). Therefore, these areas of preservation, as well as new digital technologies, receive much of the research attention.
The [[American Library Association]] has many scholarly journals that publish articles on preservation topics, such as ''College and Research Libraries, Information Technology and Libraries,'' and ''Library Resources and Technical Services''. Scholarly periodicals in this field from other publishers include ''International Preservation News, Journal of the American Institute for Conservation'', and ''Collection Management'' among many others.
===Ética===
Conservators should refer to the AIC Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Practice,<ref>[http://aic.stanford.edu/pubs/ethics.html '' AIC CODE OF ETHICS AND GUIDELINES FOR PRACTICE'']</ref> which states that the conservation professional must “strive to attain the highest possible standards in all aspects of conservation.”
Ethics will play an important role in many aspects of the conservator's activities. When choosing which objects are in need of treatment, the conservator should do what is best for the object in question and not yield to pressure or opinion from outside sources.
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===Centros regionais===
*The [[Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts]] in Philadelphia, PA. CCAHA is a non-profit conservation laboratory specializing in the treatment of art and historic artifacts on paper. The Center also trains museum and library professionals in disaster planning, records and archives management.
*The [[Northeast Document Conservation Center]] in Andover, MA. Since its inception in 1973, the Center has instructed institutions and organizations, as well as librarians, conservators, preservationists and museum professionals in preservation care and procedures. From 1995 to 2007, NEDCC presented its School for Scanning conference eleven times in cities across the United States. The school takes a leading role for digital preservation.
*The [[Southeastern Library Network]] is a not-for-profit membership cooperative of libraries and other information organizations in the southeastern United States. Established in 1973, as the largest regional library network in the U.S., SOLINET provides a variety of preservation education programs and workshops.
▲*The [[Northeast Document Conservation Center]] in Andover, MA. Since its inception in 1973, the Center has instructed institutions and organizations, as well as librarians, conservators, preservationists and museum professionals in preservation care and procedures. From 1995 to 2007, NEDCC presented its School for Scanning conference eleven times in cities across the United States. The school takes a leading role for digital preservation.
▲*The [[Southeastern Library Network]] is a not-for-profit membership cooperative of libraries and other information organizations in the southeastern United States. Established in 1973, as the largest regional library network in the U.S., SOLINET provides a variety of preservation education programs and workshops.
===Serviços===
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One of the biggest challenges in the field of preservation today is educating a library's community, especially librarians and other staff, in the best ways to handle materials as well as the conditions in which particular materials will decay the least. This challenge is exacerbated by the fact that preservation is a peripheral element of most library science curricula; indeed, there are few places where one can receive a specialized education in preservation.
The primary degree granting institution for library and archival preservation is the University of Texas at Austin's School of Information Science. The conservation and preservation program is offered in partnership with the Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record and trains both conservators and preservation administrators. Other conservation programs in the United States focus on Art Conservation and are considered to be more museum focused than library focused. These programs are all part of the Association of North American Graduate Programs in the Conservation of Cultural Property (ANAGPIC).<ref>{{
The Rutgers Preservation Management Institute provides post-graduate training in preservation administration for working librarians who have already completed a Master's degree. <ref>{{
Another educational resource available to preservationists is the Northeast Document Conservation Center or NEDCC.<ref>{{
Additional preservation education is available to librarians through various professional organizations, such as:
*American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works<ref>{{
*[[American Library Association]]
*Amigos Library Services Preservation Service<ref>{{
*[[Association for Information and Image Management|Association for Information and Image Management (AIIM)]]
*Association for Recorded Sound Collections<ref>{{
*[[Buffalo State College]]. Art Conservation Department, Buffalo, NY<ref>{{
*Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies, Mount Carroll, IL.<ref>{{
*[[George Eastman House]]. School of Film & Video Preservation Rochester, NY<ref>{{
*The Kilgarlin Center for Preservation of the Cultural Record<ref>{{
*[[Library Binding|Library Binding Institute]]
*[[New York University]]. Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York, NY<ref>{{
*North Bennet Street School. Boston, MA<ref>{{
*[[Northeast Document Conservation Center|Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC)]]
* The [[Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts]] in Philadelphia, PA
*[[Queen’s University]]. Master of Art Conservation Program, Ont, Canada<ref>{{
*[[Rare Book School| Rare Book School (RBS)]] at the University of Virginia
*[[Society of American Archivists]]
*[[SOLINET|Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)]]
*[[University of Delaware]]. Winterthur Art Conservation Program, Newark, DE<ref>{{
*The National Archives<ref>{{
==Preservação em instalações não-acadêmicas==
'''Public libraries''':
Limited, tax-driven funding can often interfere with the ability for public libraries to engage in extensive preservation activities. Materials, particularly books, are often much easier to replace than to repair when damaged or worn. Public libraries usually try to tailor their services to meet the needs and desires of their local communities, which could cause an emphasis on acquiring new materials over preserving old ones. Librarians working in public facilities frequently have to make complicated decisions about how to best serve their patrons. Commonly, public library systems work with each other and sometimes with more academic libraries through interlibrary loan programs. By sharing resources, they are able to expand upon what might be available to their own patrons and share the burdens of preservation across a greater array of systems.
'''Archival repositories and special collections''':
Archival facilities focus specifically on rare and fragile materials. With staff trained in appropriate techniques, archives are often available to many public and private library facilities as an alternative to destroying older materials. Items that are unique, such as photographs, or items that are out of print, can be preserved in archival facilities more easily than in many library settings. <ref>{{
'''Museums''':
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*[[Sítio arqueológico]]
*[[Conservação arquitetônica]]
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