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===Estágio 1: As aminoacil-tRNA-sintases ligam os aminoácidos corretos aos seus respectivos tRNA 1119 ===
==Características==
===Estágio 2: Um aminoácido específico inicia a síntese de proteínas 1127 ===
===Estágio 3: As ligações peptídicas são formadas no estágio de alongamento 1129 ===
Como parte do [[transtorno global do desenvolvimento]], a Síndrome de Asperger é identificada através de um padrão de sintomas ao invés de uma característica em especial. O transtorno é caracterizado pela deficiência significativa na interação social, repetição e restritividade de comportamentos, atividades e interesses, e pela não ocorrência de atrasos no desenvolvimento da linguagem.<ref name=BehaveNet>{{citar livro |título= Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edição=4 ([[DSM-IV-TR]]) |autor=American Psychiatric Association |ano=2000 |isbn=0-89042-025-4 |capítulo=Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) |capítulourl=http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/asperger.htm |acessodata=28 June 2007 |publicado= |língua=inglês }}</ref> O interesse excessivo por um assunto específico, fala monótona, e inaptidão à atividades físicas são características típicas da condição, porém não requisitadas para a conclusão de um diagnóstico.<ref name=Klin>{{citar periódico |periódico= Rev Bras Psiquiatr |ano=2006 |volume=28 |issue= suppl 1 |pages=S3–S11 |título= Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview |autor= Klin A |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 |pmid=16791390 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en}}</ref>
===Estágio 4: A terminação da síntese de polipeptídeos requer um sinal especial 1134 ===
===Estágio 5: As cadeias polipeptídicas recém-sintetizadas sofrem enovelamento e processamento ===
As a [[pervasive developmental disorder]], Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language.<ref name=BehaveNet>{{citar livro |título= Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders |edition= 4th, text revision ([[DSM-IV-TR]]) |autor= American Psychiatric Association |ano=2000 |isbn=0-89042-025-4 |chapter= Diagnostic criteria for 299.80 Asperger's Disorder (AD) |chapterurl=http://www.behavenet.com/capsules/disorders/asperger.htm |acessodata=28 June 2007 |publisher=<!-- pacify Citation bot --> |location=<!-- pacify Citation bot --> }}</ref> Intense preoccupation with a narrow subject, one-sided [[verbosity]], restricted [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis.<ref name=Klin>{{citar periódico |periódico= Rev Bras Psiquiatr |ano=2006 |volume=28 |issue= suppl 1 |pages=S3–S11 |título= Autism and Asperger syndrome: an overview |autor= Klin A |doi=10.1590/S1516-44462006000500002 |pmid=16791390 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1516-44462006000500002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en}}</ref>
===Interação social===
{{AP|[[Aspectos socioculturais do autismo|Síndrome de Asperger e as relações interpessoais]]}}
Indivíduos com SA de interação social, desenvolvimento de amizades,
A lack of demonstrated [[empathy]] has a significant impact on aspects of communal living for persons with Asperger syndrome.<ref name=Baskin/> Individuals with AS experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction, which may include a failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others (for example, showing others objects of interest), a lack of social or emotional [[Reciprocity (social psychology)|reciprocity]] (social "games" give-and-take mechanic), and impaired [[Nonverbal communication|nonverbal behaviors]] in areas such as [[eye contact]], [[facial expression]], posture, and gesture.<ref name=McPartland>{{citar periódico |autor= McPartland J, Klin A |título= Asperger's syndrome |periódico= Adolesc Med Clin |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=771–88 |ano=2006 |pmid=17030291 |doi= 10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010}}</ref>
People with AS may not be as withdrawn around others compared to those with other, more debilitating forms of [[Autism spectrum|autism]]; they approach others, even if awkwardly. For example, a person with AS may engage in a one-sided, long-winded speech about a favorite topic, while misunderstanding or not recognizing the listener's feelings or reactions, such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction.<ref name=Klin/> This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd".<ref name=McPartland/> This failure to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people's feelings, and may come across as insensitive.<ref name=Klin/> However, not all individuals with AS will approach others. Some of them may even display [[selective mutism]], speaking not at all to most people and excessively to specific people. Some may choose only to talk to people they like.<ref>{{citar web |url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/912296-overview |work=Medscape eMedicine |título=Asperger's Syndrome |autor=Brasic JR |date=7 July 2010 |acessodata=25 November 2010}}</ref>
The cognitive ability of children with AS often allows them to articulate [[social norms]] in a laboratory context,<ref name=McPartland/> where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations.<ref name=Klin/> People with AS may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines, and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in a demeanor that appears rigid or socially naive. Childhood desire for companionship can become numbed through a history of failed social encounters.<ref name=McPartland/>
A hipótese que eles estão predipostos para comportamentos violentos ou criminais tem sido investigados, porém não têm dados concretos.<ref name="McPartland"/><ref>{{citar periódico |periódico=J Autism Dev Disord |ano=2008 |título= Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome |autor= Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H |pmid=17805955 |doi=10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=748–58}}</ref> Muitas evidências indicam que as crianças com Asperger são violentados em vez de violentos. <ref name=Tsatsanis>{{citar periódico |periódico= Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am |ano=2003 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=47–63 |título=Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism |autor= Tsatsanis KD |pmid=12512398 |url=http://www.childpsych.theclinics.com/article/PIIS1056499302000561/fulltext |doi=10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00056-1}}</ref>
The [[hypothesis]] that individuals with AS are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated, but is not supported by data.<ref name="McPartland"/><ref>{{citar periódico |periódico=J Autism Dev Disord |ano=2008 |título= Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome |autor= Allen D, Evans C, Hider A, Hawkins S, Peckett H, Morgan H |pmid=17805955 |doi=10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=748–58}}</ref> More evidence suggests children with AS are victims rather than victimizers.<ref name=Tsatsanis>{{citar periódico |periódico= Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am |ano=2003 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=47–63 |título=Outcome research in Asperger syndrome and autism |autor= Tsatsanis KD |pmid=12512398 |url=http://www.childpsych.theclinics.com/article/PIIS1056499302000561/fulltext |doi=10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00056-1}}</ref> A 2008 review found that an overwhelming number of reported violent criminals with AS had coexisting [[psychiatric disorders]] such as [[schizoaffective disorder]].<ref>{{citar periódico |autor= Newman SS, Ghaziuddin M |título=Violent crime in Asperger syndrome: the role of psychiatric comorbidity |periódico=J Autism Dev Disord |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=1848–52 |ano=2008 |pmid=18449633 |doi=10.1007/s10803-008-0580-8}}</ref>
===Repetitivos e restritos comportamentos===
People with Asperger syndrome display behavior, interests, and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused. They may stick to inflexible routines, move in [[Stereotypy|stereotyped]] and repetitive ways, or preoccupy themselves with parts of objects.<ref name=BehaveNet/>
Pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest is one of the most striking features of AS.<ref name=McPartland/> Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names, without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the broader topic.<ref name=McPartland/><ref name=Klin/> For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography.<ref name=McPartland/> This behavior is usually apparent by age 5 or 6.<ref name=McPartland/> Although these special interests may change from time to time, they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused, and often dominate social interaction so much that the entire family may become immersed. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized.<ref name=Klin/>
Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs.<ref>{{citar periódico |periódico= J Autism Dev Disord |ano=2005 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=145–58 |título= Repetitive behavior profiles in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism |autor= South M, Ozonoff S, McMahon WM |doi=10.1007/s10803-004-1992-8 |pmid=15909401}}</ref> They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting, and complex whole-body movements.<ref name=BehaveNet/> These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than [[tic]]s, which are usually faster, less rhythmical and less often symmetrical.<ref name=RapinTS>{{citar periódico |autor= [[Isabelle Rapin|Rapin I]] |título= Autism spectrum disorders: relevance to Tourette syndrome |periódico= Adv Neurol |volume=85 |pages=89–101 |ano=2001 |pmid=11530449}}</ref>
According to the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) diagnostic test, a lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non-fiction is common among adults with AS.<ref name=ASAdulthood/>
===Rapidez e linguagem===
Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities, [[language acquisition]] and use is often atypical.<ref name=Klin/> Abnormalities include verbosity, abrupt transitions, literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance, use of metaphor meaningful only to the speaker, [[Auditory processing disorder|auditory perception deficits]], unusually pedantic, [[Register (sociolinguistics)|formal]] or [[Idiosyncrasy#Psychiatry|idiosyncratic]] speech, and oddities in loudness, [[Tone (linguistics)|pitch]], [[Intonation (linguistics)|intonation]], [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], and rhythm.<ref name=McPartland/> [[Echolalia]] has also been observed in individuals with AS.<ref>{{citar periódico |autor=Frith U |título=Social communication and its disorder in autism and Asperger syndrome |periódico=J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=48–53 |date=January 1996 |pmid=22302727 |doi=10.1177/026988119601000108}}</ref>
Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody, tangential and [[circumstantial speech]], and marked verbosity. Although [[inflection]] and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism, people with AS often have a limited range of intonation: speech may be unusually fast, jerky or loud. Speech may convey a sense of [[Coherence (linguistics)|incoherence]]; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide [[Context (language use)|context]] for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation. The speaker's conclusion or point may never be made, and attempts by the listener to elaborate on the speech's content or logic, or to shift to related topics, are often unsuccessful.<ref name=Klin/>
Children with AS may have an unusually sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and have been colloquially called "little professors", but have difficulty understanding [[figurative language]] and tend to use language literally.<ref name=McPartland/> Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include humor, irony, teasing, and sarcasm. Although individuals with AS usually understand the cognitive basis of [[humor]], they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share enjoyment with others.<ref name=Kasari/> Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism.<ref>{{citar periódico |autor= Lyons V, Fitzgerald M |título= Humor in autism and Asperger syndrome |periódico= J Autism Dev Disord |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=521–31 |ano=2004 |pmid=15628606 |doi=10.1007/s10803-004-2547-8}}</ref>
===Perpepção motora e sensorial===
Os indivíduos com a Síndrome de Asperger podem ter sinais ou sintomas que são, porém pode afetar individual ou a família..<ref>{{citar periódico |autor= Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, ''et al'' |título=The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders |periódico=J Autism Dev Disord |ano=1999 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=439–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1021943802493 |pmid=10638459}}</ref> Estas diferenças incluem na perpepção e os problemas e emoções.
Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis, but can affect the individual or the family.<ref>{{citar periódico |autor= Filipek PA, Accardo PJ, Baranek GT, ''et al'' |título=The screening and diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders |periódico=J Autism Dev Disord |ano=1999 |volume=29 |issue=6 |pages=439–84 |doi=10.1023/A:1021943802493 |pmid=10638459}}</ref> These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills, sleep, and emotions.
Individuals with AS often have excellent [[hearing (sense)|auditory]] and [[visual perception]].<ref>{{citar periódico |periódico= J Child Psychol Psychiatry |ano=2004 |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=672–86 |título= Emanuel Miller lecture: confusions and controversies about Asperger syndrome |autor= Frith U |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00262.x |pmid=15056300}}</ref> Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features.<ref>{{citar livro |chapter= Psychological factors in autism |autor= Prior M, Ozonoff S |pages=69–128 |título= Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders |edition=2nd |editor= Volkmar FR |publisher= Cambridge University Press |ano=2007 |isbn=0-521-54957-4}}</ref> Conversely, compared to individuals with high-functioning autism, individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual-spatial perception, auditory perception, or [[visual memory]].<ref name=McPartland/> Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual [[sensory processing|sensory]] and perceptual skills and experiences. They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound, light, and other stimuli;<ref>{{citar livro |autor= Bogdashina O |título= Sensory Perceptional Issues in Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Different Sensory Experiences, Different Perceptual Worlds |publisher= Jessica Kingsley |ano=2003 |isbn=1-84310-166-1}}</ref> these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD. There is little support for increased [[fight-or-flight response]] or failure of [[habituation]] in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences.<ref>{{citar periódico |autor= Rogers SJ, Ozonoff S |título= Annotation: what do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence |periódico= J Child Psychol Psychiatry |volume=46 |issue=12 |pages=1255–68 |ano=2005 |pmid=16313426 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01431.x}}</ref>
Hans Asperger's initial accounts<ref name="McPartland"/> and other diagnostic schemes<ref name="EhlGill">{{citar periódico |autor= Ehlers S, Gillberg C |título= The epidemiology of Asperger's syndrome. A total population study |periódico= J Child Psychol Psychiat |ano=1993 |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=1327–50 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb02094.x |pmid=8294522}}</ref> include descriptions of physical clumsiness. Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring motor dexterity, such as riding a bicycle or opening a jar, and may seem to move awkwardly or feel "uncomfortable in their own skin". They may be poorly coordinated, or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture, poor handwriting, or problems with visual-motor integration.<ref name="McPartland"/><ref name="Klin"/> They may show problems with [[proprioception]] (sensation of body position) on measures of [[developmental coordination disorder]] (motor planning disorder), balance, [[tandem gait]], and finger-thumb apposition. There is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs.<ref name="McPartland"/>
Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems, including difficulty in falling asleep, frequent [[middle-of-the-night insomnia|nocturnal awakenings]], and early morning awakenings.<ref>{{citar periódico |periódico= J Intellect Disabil Res |ano=2005 |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=260–8 |título= A survey of sleep problems in autism, Asperger's disorder and typically developing children |autor= Polimeni MA, Richdale AL, Francis AJ |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005.00642.x |pmid=15816813}}</ref><ref name=Tani/> AS is also associated with high levels of [[alexithymia]], which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions.<ref>Alexithymia and AS:
*{{citar periódico |autor= Fitzgerald M, Bellgrove MA |título= The overlap between alexithymia and Asperger's syndrome |periódico= J Autism Dev Disord |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=573–6 |ano=2006 |pmid=16755385 |doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0096-z |pmc= 2092499}}
*{{citar periódico |autor= Hill E, Berthoz S |ano=2006 |título= Response |periódico= J Autism Dev Disord |volume=36 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |doi=10.1007/s10803-006-0287-7 |pmid=17080269}}
*{{citar periódico |periódico= PLoS ONE |ano=2007 |volume=2 |issue=9 |page=e883 |título= Self-referential cognition and empathy in autism |autor= Lombardo MV, Barnes JL, Wheelwright SJ, Baron-Cohen S |doi=10.1371/periódico.pone.0000883 |pmid=17849012 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/fetchArticle.action?articleURI=info:doi/10.1371/periódico.pone.0000883 |pmc= 1964804 |editor1-last= Zak |editor1-first= Paul }}</ref> Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated, their causal relationship is unclear.<ref name=Tani>{{citar periódico |autor= Tani P, Lindberg N, Joukamaa M, ''et al'' |título= Asperger syndrome, alexithymia and perception of sleep |periódico= Neuropsychobiology |volume=49 |issue=2 |pages=64–70 |ano=2004 |pmid=14981336 |doi=10.1159/000076412 }}</ref>
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