Racismo científico: diferenças entre revisões

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'''Racismo biológico''' ou '''racismo científico''' é a crença [[Pseudociência|pseudocientífica]] de que existem evidências empíricas que apoiam ou justificam o [[racismo]], a discriminação racial ou a inferioridade ou superioridade racial.<ref>"Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003.The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), ''The Social Science Encyclopedia'' (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [''[[sc.]] scientific''] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; ''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology'' (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [''sc. of scientific racism''] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, ''The myth of the noble savage'' (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, ''A History of Anthropological Theory'' (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism".</ref><ref name="SciRac_Gould">{{citar livro|último =Gould|primeiro =Stephen Jay|autorlink =Stephen Jay Gould|título=[[:en:The Mismeasure of Man|The Mismeasure of Man]]|publicado=W W Norton and Co.|ano=1981|local=New York, NY|páginas=28–29|isbn=0-393-01489-4|ref=harv|citação=Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within.}}</ref><ref name="SciRac_CSI">{{citar periódico|url=http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html|título=Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?|acessodata=1 de dezembro de 2007|último =Kurtz|primeiro =Paul|data=setembro de 2004|periódico=Skeptical Inquirer|publicado=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071123123232/http://www.csicop.org/si/2004-09/scientific-ethics.html|arquivodata=23 de novembro de 2007|citação=There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action.|ref=harv}}</ref> O racismo científico recorre a conceitos de [[antropologia]], [[antropometria]] [[craniometria]] e outras disciplinas ou pseudo-disciplinas para propor [[Antropologia física|tipologias]] que apoiem a classificação das populações humanas em raças fisicamente distintas, que possam ser classificadas como superiores ou inferiores.<ref name="collins" /> Atualmente as noções de racismo científico não são consideradas ciência e o termo é usado de forma pejorativa para se referir a ideas pseudocientíficas.<ref name="SciRac_Gould"/><ref name="SciRac_CSI"/>
 
O racismo científico foi relativamente comum no período entre o {{séc|XVII}} e o fim da [[I Guerra Mundial]]. Embora a partir da segunda metade do {{séc|XX}} tenha sido considerado obsoleto e desacreditado, em alguns meios continuou a ser usado para apoiar ou legitimar a ideias racistas, baseadas na crença de que existem categorias raciais e raças hierarquicamente inferiores e superiores.<ref name="collins">Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, ''Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment'' (2nd ed., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, ''Cultural studies: a critical introduction'' (2005), p. 163: "It [''sc. scientific racism''] became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown and Clive Webb, ''Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights'' (2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century".</ref> Após o fim da [[II Guerra Mundial]] o passou a ser denunciado em termos formais.<ref>UNESCO, [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001282/128291eo.pdf The Race Question], p. 8</ref> Os avanços na [[genética populacional]] humana mostraram que as diferenças genéticas são praticamente todas graduais.<ref name="CSfrozaGPL">Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. (2001). ''Genes, Peoples and Languages'', p. 30. Penguin Books, London. {{ISBN|9780865475298}}.</ref>