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{{Desambiguação}}
{{Info/Taxonomia
'''''Acacia''''' é o nome comum utilizado para designar um vasto conjunto de arbustos e árvores da família [[Fabaceae]] (leguminosas) pertencentes a diversos géneros:
|nome = ''Acacia''<br><small>acácias e similares</small>
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|imagem = Acacia heterophylla 1.JPG
Acácia é um antigo nome para um grupo de leguminosas (mesma família do feijão, soja, ervilha, amendoim etc.) que foi recentemente dividido em cinco novos géneros. Dois destes - ''Senegalia'' e ''Vachellia'' - são os únicos com ocorrência registrada para o Brasil. ''Senegalia'' é o mais numeroso, com cerca de 52 espécies no Brasil (Morim & Barros 2010), enquanto ''Vachellia'' possui apenas duas espécies, uma delas antigamente tratada por ''Acacia farnesiana'', de ampla distribuição pelo mundo, mas provavelmente originária da América tropical.
|imagem_legenda =''[[Acacia heterophylla]]''.
|imagem_largura=250px
|reino = [[Plantae]]
|divisão = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|classe = [[Magnoliopsida]]
|ordem = [[Fabales]]
|família = [[Fabaceae]]
|subfamília = [[Mimosoideae]]
|género = '''''Acacia'''''
|género_autoridade=[[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius|Martius (1829)]]
|espécie_tipo=''[[Acacia penninervis]]''
|espécie_tipo_autoridade=[[A. P. de Candolle|DC.]]
|subdivisão_nome = [[Espécie]]s
|subdivisão =
<center>''[[Lista de espécies do gênero Acacia|espécies]]''
|mapa=Acacia_Distribution_Map.svg
|mapa_legenda=Distribuição natural do género ''Acacia''.
|sinónimos=
* ''Acacia'' subg. ''Phyllodineae'' DC.<ref name=ped1/>
* ''[[Esclerona]]'' <small>Raf.</small>
}}
[[Ficheiro:Acacia drepanolobium MHNT.BOT.2011.3.97.jpg|thumb|252px|''Acacia drepanolobium'' - [[MHNT]]]]
[[Ficheiro:Acacia sp. MHNT.BOT.2009.13.18.jpg|thumb|253px|''Acacia sp.'' - [[MHNT]]]]
[[Ficheiro:Acacia penninervis (5368395701).jpg|thumb|253px|''[[Acacia penninervis|A. penninervis]]''.]]
[[Ficheiro:Acacia facsiculifera seedling.jpg|thumb|253px|''[[Acacia fasciculifera]]'' shoot, showing phyllodes on the pinnate leaves, formed by dilation of the petiole and proximal part of the rachis<ref name=delin/>]]
'''''Acacia''''' é um [[Género (biologia)|género]] de [[plantas com flor]] da subfamília [[Mimosoideae]] da [[Família (biologia)|família]] [[Fabaceae]] (leguminosas) que agrupa numerosas [[espécie]]s de [[arbusto]]s e [[árvore]]s, maioritariamente conhecidas pelo nome comum de ''acácias''.
<!--------------------------
Initially it comprised a group of plant species native to Africa and Australia, with the first species ''[[Vachellia nilotica|A. nilotica]]'' described by Linnaeus. Controversy erupted in the early 2000s when it became evident that the genus as it stood was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], and that several divergent lineages needed to be placed in separate genera. It turned out that one lineage comprising over 900 species mainly native to Australia was not closely related to the mainly African lineage that contained ''A. nilotica''—the first and [[type species]]. This meant that the Australian lineage (by far the most prolific in number of species) would need to be renamed. Botanist Les Pedley named this group '''''Racosperma''''', which was inconsistently adopted. Australian botanists proposed that this would be more disruptive than setting a different type species ([[Acacia penninervis|''A. penninervis'']]) and allowing this large number of species to remain ''Acacia'', resulting in the two African lineages being renamed ''[[Vachellia]]'' and ''[[Senegalia]]'', and the two New World lineages renamed ''[[Acaciella]]'' and ''[[Mariosousa]]''.<ref name="Kyalangalilwa">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kyalangalilwa B, Boatwright JS, Daru BH, Maurin O, van der Bank M |title=Phylogenetic position and revised classification of ''Acacia s.l.'' (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae) in Africa, including new combinations in ''Vachellia'' and ''Senegalia''. |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=172 |issue=4 |pages=500–523 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/boj.12047 }}</ref> This was officially adopted, but many botanists from Africa and elsewhere disagreed that this was necessary.
 
A number of species have been introduced to various parts of the world, and two million hectares of commercial plantations have been established.<ref>Midgley and Turnbull</ref> The heterogeneous group<ref name=mur>{{cite journal |last1=Murphy |first1=Daniel J. |title=A review of the classification of ''Acacia'' (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae) |journal=Muelleria |date=2008 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=10–26 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255611439 |accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref> varies considerably in habit, from mat-like [[subshrub]]s to canopy trees in forest.<ref name=orch1>{{cite book |last1=Orchard |first1=Anthony E. |last2=Wilson |first2=Annette J.G. |title=Flora of Australia. Volume 11A, Mimosaceae, Acacia part 1 |date=2001 |publisher=CSIRO |location=Melbourne |isbn=9780643067172 |pages=x–}}</ref>
 
==Taxonomy==
The genus was first described from Africa by C. F. P. von Martius in 1829. Several hundred combinations in ''Acacia'' were published by Pedley in 2003.<ref name=ped1>{{cite journal|last1=Pedley |first1=Les |title=A synopsis of Racosperma. C.Mart. (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). |journal=Austrobaileya |date=2003 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=445–496 |jstor=41738994 }}</ref> The genus of 981<ref name=ped2>{{cite journal |last1=Pedley |first1=Les |title=Another view of ''Racosperma'' |journal=Acacia Study Group Newsletter |date=February 2004 |issue=90 |page=3 |issn=1035-4638 |url=http://worldwidewattle.com/socgroups/asg/newsletters/90.pdf |accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref> species, ''[[Acacia sensu lato|Acacia s.l.]]'', in the subfamily Mimosoideae of the pea family Fabaceae is [[Monophyly|monophyletic]]. All but 10 of its species are native to [[Australia]],<ref name=ped2/> where it constitutes the largest plant genus.<ref name=mur/>
 
Following a controversial decision to choose a new [[Type (biology)|type]] for ''Acacia'' in 2005, the Australian component of ''Acacia s.l.'' now retains the name ''Acacia''.<ref name=thiel>{{cite journal |last1=Thiele |first1=Kevin R. |title=The controversy over the retypification of ''Acacia'' Mill. with an Australian type: A pragmatic view |journal=Taxon |date=February 2011 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=194–198 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_2011/Acacia_pragm.pdf |accessdate=15 November 2015|doi=10.1002/tax.601017 }}</ref><ref name=brum>{{cite journal |last1=Brummitt |first1=R. K. |title=(292) ''Acacia'': a solution that should be acceptable to everybody |journal=Taxon |date=December 2010 |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1925–1926 |url=http://www.iapt-taxon.org/historic/Congress/IBC_2011/Prop291-292.pdf |accessdate=19 November 2015|doi=10.1002/tax.596050 }}</ref> At the 2011 [[International Botanical Congress]] held in [[Melbourne]], the decision to use the name ''Acacia'', rather than the proposed ''Racosperma'' for this genus, was upheld.<ref name="acaciaresolution1">{{cite web |title=The Acacia debate |url=http://worldwidewattle.com/infogallery/nomenclature/nameissue/melbourne-ibc-2011-congress-news-tuesday-26-july.pdf |publisher=IBC2011 Congress News |accessdate=May 5, 2016}}</ref><ref name="acaciaresolution2">{{Cite journal |title=Conserving ''Acacia'' Mill. with a conserved type: What happened in Melbourne? |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iapt/tax/2011/00000060/00000005/art00033 |journal=Taxon |author=Smith, Gideon F. |author2=Figueiredo, Estrela |last-author-amp=yes |volume=60 |issue=5 |year=2011 |pages=1504–1506 |accessdate=27 September 2016|doi=10.1002/tax.605033 }}</ref> Other ''[[Acacia sensu lato|Acacia s.l.]]'' taxa continue to be called ''Acacia'' by those who choose to consider the entire group as one genus.<ref name="acaciaresolution2"/>
 
Australian species of the genus ''[[Paraserianthes]]'' ''[[sensu lato|s.l.]]'' are deemed its closest relatives, particularly ''[[Paraserianthes lophantha|P. lophantha]]''.<ref name="Brown">{{cite journal|author=Brown, Gillian K.|author2=Daniel J. Murphy|author3=Pauline Y. Ladiges|last-author-amp=yes |year=2011|title=Relationships of the Australo-Malesian genus ''Paraserianthes'' (Mimosoideae: Leguminosae) identifies the sister group of ''Acacia'' sensu stricto and two biogeographical tracks.|journal=Cladistics |volume=27 |issue=4|pages=380–390 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00349.x}}</ref> The nearest relatives of ''Acacia'' and ''Paraserianthes s.l.'' in turn include the Australian and [[South East Asia]]n genera ''[[Archidendron]]'', ''[[Archidendropsis]]'', ''[[Pararchidendron]]'' and ''[[Wallaceodendron]]'', all of the tribe [[Ingeae]].<ref name=bro>{{cite journal|last1=Brown |first1=Gillian K. |last2=Murphy |first2=Daniel J. |last3=Miller |first3=Joseph T.|last4=Ladiges |first4=Pauline Y. |title=''Acacia s.s.'' and its Relationship Among Tropical Legumes, Tribe Ingeae (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) |journal=Systematic Botany |date=1 October 2008 |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=739–751 |doi=10.1600/036364408786500136 }}</ref>
 
===Etymology===
The origin of "[[Wattle (construction)|wattle]]" may be an [[Proto-Germanic language|Old Teutonic]] word meaning "to weave".<ref name=aus>{{cite book |last1=Austin |first1=Daniel F. |title=Florida ethnobotany Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coral Gables, Florida, Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona: with more than 500 species illustrated by Penelope N. Honychurch ... [et al.] |date=2004 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=9780203491881 |page=58 }}</ref> From around 700 A.D. ''watul'' was used in [[Old English]] to refer to the interwoven branches and sticks which formed fences, walls and roofs. Since about 1810 it refers to the Australian legumes that provide these branches.<ref name=aus/>
 
===Species===
{{see also|List of Acacia species|l1=List of ''Acacia'' species}}
One species is native to [[Madagascar]], one to [[Reunion island]], 12 to [[Asia]], and the remaining species (over 900) are native to [[Australasia]] and the [[Pacific Islands]].<ref name=thiel/> These species were all given combinations by Pedley when he erected the genus ''Racosperma'', hence ''[[Acacia pulchella]]'', for example, became ''[[Racosperma pulchellum]]''. However these were not upheld with the retypification of ''Acacia''.
 
==Evolution==
Acacias in Australia probably evolved their fire resistance about 20 million years ago when fossilised charcoal deposits show a large increase, indicating that fire was a factor even then.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} With no major mountain ranges or rivers to prevent their spread, the wattles began to spread all over the continent as it dried and fires became more common.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} They began to form dry, open forests with species of the genera ''[[Allocasuarina]]'', ''[[Eucalyptus]]'' and ''[[Callitris]]'' (cypress-pines).
 
The southernmost species in the genus are ''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle), ''[[Acacia longifolia]]'' (coast wattle or Sydney golden wattle), ''[[Acacia mearnsii]]'' (black wattle), and ''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]'' (blackwood), reaching 43°30' S in [[Tasmania]], Australia.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
 
==Fossil record==
An ''Acacia''-like 14&nbsp;cm long [[fossil]] [[seed pod]] has been described from the [[Eocene]] of the [[Paris Basin]].<ref>Fossil Plants by Paul Kenrick & Paul Davis, Natural History Muyseum, London, 2004, {{ISBN|0-565-09176-X}}</ref> ''Acacia'' like [[fossil]] pods under the name ''Leguminocarpon'' are known from late [[Oligocene]] [[deposits]] at different sites in [[Hungary]]. Seed pod [[fossils]] of †''Acacia parschlugiana'' and †''Acacia cyclosperma'' are known from [[Tertiary]] deposits in [[Switzerland]],.<ref>Distribution of Legumes in the Tertiary of Hungary by L. Hably, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, {{ISBN|0947643400}}</ref> †''Acacia colchica'' has been described from the [[Miocene]] of West [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. [[Pliocene]] fossil [[pollen]] of an ''Acacia'' sp. has been described from West [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and [[Abkhazia]].<ref>Leguminosae species from the territory of [[Abkhazia]] by Alexandra K. Shakryl, Advances in Legume Systematics: Part 4, The Fossil Record, Ed. P.S. Herendeen & Dilcher, 1992, [[The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], {{ISBN|0947643400}}</ref>
Oldest records of [[fossil]] ''Acacia'' [[pollen]] in [[Australia]] are from the late [[Oligocene epoch]], 25 million years ago.<ref>The Greening of [[Gondwana]] by [[Mary E. White]], [[Reed Books]] Pty Ltd, Australia, Reprinted issue 1988, {{ISBN|0730101541}}</ref>
 
==Distribution and habitat==
They are present in all terrestrial habitats, including alpine settings, rainforests, woodlands, grasslands, coastal dunes and deserts.<ref name=orch1/> In drier woodlands or forest they are an important component of the understory. Elsewhere they may be dominant, as in the [[Brigalow Belt]], [[Myall Lakes National Park|Myall woodlands]] and the [[Eremaean province|eremaean]] [[Acacia aneura|Mulga]] woodlands.<ref name=orch1/>
 
In Australia, ''Acacia'' forest is the second most common forest type after ''[[Eucalyptus|Eucalypt]]'' forest, covering {{convert|980000|km2|sqmi|0}} or 8% of total forest area. ''Acacia'' is also the nation’s largest genus of flowering plants with almost 1,000 species found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agriculture.gov.au/abares/forestsaustralia/profiles/acacia-forest|title=Acacia forest|accessdate=19 April 2017|date=6 February 2017|publisher=[[Commonwealth of Australia]]}}</ref>
 
==Description==
Several of its species bear vertically oriented [[Petiole (botany)|phyllodes]], which are green, broadened leaf petioles that function like leaf blades,<ref name=wpa1>{{cite web|last1=Armstrong |first1=W. P. |title=Unforgettable Acacias, A Large Genus Of Trees & Shrubs |url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plaug99.htm |website=Wayne's Word |accessdate=17 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110064020/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/plaug99.htm |archivedate=10 November 2015 }}</ref> an adaptation to hot climates and droughts.<ref name=tan>{{cite web|last1=Tan |first1=Ria |title=''Acacia auriculiformis'', Black Wattle |url=http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/acacia.htm |website=Naturia |accessdate=17 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505110838/http://www.naturia.per.sg/buloh/plants/acacia.htm |archivedate=5 May 2015 }}</ref> Some phyllodinous species have a colourful aril on the seed.<ref name=delin>{{cite web|last1=Wu |first1=Delin |last2=Nielsen |first2=Ivan C. |title=Flora of China, 6. Tribe Acacieae |url=http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume10/FOC_10_Acacieae.pdf |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden Press |date=2009 |accessdate=19 November 2015}}</ref> A few species have [[Phylloclade|cladodes]] rather than leaves.<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=''Acacia'', Thorntree |url=http://eol.org/pages/13650/details |website=EOL |accessdate=22 November 2015}}</ref>
 
==Uses==
[[Aboriginal Australians]] have traditionally harvested the seeds of some species, to be ground into flour and eaten as a paste or baked into a cake. The seeds contain as much as 25% more protein than common cereals, and they store well for long periods due to the hard seed coats.<ref name=tan/> In addition to utilizing the edible seed and gum, the people employed the timber for implements, weapons, fuel and musical instruments.<ref name=orch1/> In [[ancient Egypt]], an ointment made from the ground leaves of the plant was used to treat [[hemorrhoid]]s.<ref name="Charles2002(book)">{{cite book|author=Ellesmore, Windsor|title=Surgical Treatment of Haemorrhoids|year=2002|publisher=London: Springer|editor=Charles MV|chapter=Surgical History of Haemorrhoids}}</ref> A number of species, most notably ''[[Acacia mangium|A. mangium]]'' (hickory wattle), ''[[Acacia mearnsii|A. mearnsii]]'' (black wattle) and ''[[Acacia saligna|A. saligna]]'' (coojong), are economically important and are widely planted globally for wood products, tannin, firewood and fodder.<ref name=thiel/> ''[[Acacia melanoxylon|A. melanoxylon]]'' (blackwood) and ''[[Acacia aneura|A. aneura]]'' (mulga) supply some of the most attractive timbers in the genus.<ref name=orch1/> Black wattle bark supported the [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]] industries of several countries, and may supply tannins for production of waterproof [[adhesive]]s.<ref name=orch1/>
 
Acacia is repeatedly mentioned in the [[Book of Exodus]], perhaps referring to ''[[Acacia raddiana]]'', in regards to the construction of the [[Tabernacle]].<ref name="ODU">{{cite web|url=http://ww2.odu.edu/~lmusselm/plant/bible/acacia.php|title=Plants of the Bible - ODU Plant Site|date=11 April 2007|publisher=[[Old Dominion University]]|accessdate=3 October 2016}}</ref>
 
Acacia is a common food source and host plant for butterflies of the genus ''[[Jalmenus]].'' The imperial hairstreak, ''[[Jalmenus evagoras]],'' feeds on at least 25 acacia species.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Biology of Australian butterflies|date=1999|publisher=CSIRO Pub|others=Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-, CSIRO (Australia)|isbn=978-0643050273|location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia|oclc=40792921}}</ref>
 
Acacia honey is not collected from plants in the acacia family, but rather from ''[[Robinia pseudoacacia]]'', known as black locust in North America. Honey collected from ''[[Caragana arborescens]]'' is sometimes also called (yellow) acacia honey. See also [[Monofloral honey]].
 
The hardened [[sap]] of various species of the acacia tree are known as [[acacia gum]]. Acacia gum is used as an emulsifier in food, a binder for watercolour painting, an additive to [[ceramic glazes]], a binding in [[gum printing|gum bichromate photography]], a protective layer in the [[lithography|lithographic processes]] and as a binder to bind together [[fireworks]].
 
Wattle bark collected in Australia in the 19th century was exported to Europe where it was used in the [[tanning (leather)|tanning process]]. One ton of wattle or [[mimosa]] bark contained about 150 lbs of pure [[tannin]].<ref>''The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge'' Vol II, (1847) Charles Knight, London, p.873.</ref>
 
===Cultivation===
Some species of acacia - notably [[Acacia baileyana|''A. baileyana'']], [[Acacia dealbata|''A. dealbata'']] and [[Acacia pravissima|''A. pravissima'']] - are cultivated as ornamental garden plants. The 1889 publication 'Useful native plants of Australia' describes various uses for eating.<ref>{{cite book |author=J. H. Maiden |year=1889 |title=Useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania |publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney |url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>
 
===Toxicity===
Some species of acacia contain [[List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids|psychoactive alkaloids]], and some contain [[Sodium fluoroacetate#Occurrence|potassium fluoroacetate]], a rodent poison.<ref>{{Cite journal |pmc=5485738|year=2017|last1=Leong|first1=L. E.|title=Fluoroacetate in plants - a review of its distribution, toxicity to livestock and microbial detoxification|journal=Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology|volume=8|pages=55|last2=Khan|first2=S.|last3=Davis|first3=C. K.|last4=Denman|first4=S. E.|last5=McSweeney|first5=C. S.|pmid=28674607|doi=10.1186/s40104-017-0180-6}}</ref>
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
'''''Acácia''''' é um antigo nome para um grupo de leguminosas (mesma família do feijão, soja, ervilha, amendoim etc.) que foi recentemente dividido em cinco novos géneros. Dois destes - ''Senegalia'' e ''Vachellia'' - são os únicos com ocorrência registrada para o Brasil. ''Senegalia'' é o mais numeroso, com cerca de 52 espécies no Brasil (Morim & Barros 2010), enquanto ''Vachellia'' possui apenas duas espécies, uma delas antigamente tratada por ''Acacia farnesiana'', de ampla distribuição pelo mundo, mas provavelmente originária da América tropical.
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Também é muito famosa no mundo inteiro por ser um dos símbolos mais importantes da Maçonaria. Inclusive há uma música chamada ''Acácia Amarela'', de Luiz Gonzaga, em homenagem à Maçonaria e o respectivo símbolo Maçônico, a própria Acácia.
 
Linha 102 ⟶ 11:
 
Algumas espécies ameaçadas de extinção:
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* ''Acacia parviceps'' (Speg.) Burk., nome popular acácia, [[plantae|planta]] [[árvore|arbórea]].
Linha 128 ⟶ 38:
* ''[[Acacia longifolia]]''
* "[[Acacia karroo 'Natalensis']]"
{{Ref-section|Notas}}
==Referências==
* Pedley, L. (2002). "A conspectus of ''Acacia'' subgen. ''Acacia'' in Australia". ''Austrobaileya'' 6(2): 177–186.
* Pedley, L. (2003). A synopsis of ''Racosperma'' C.Mart". ''Austrobaileya'' 6(3): 445–496.
{{Reflist}}
== Ver também ==
* [[Árvore do Ténéré]]
== Ligações externas ==
{{commonscat|Acacia}}
{{wikispecies|Acacia}}
* [http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/acacia.html A Acácia na Maçonaria]
* [http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/wattle2/ WATTLE Acacias of Australia Lucid Web Player (multi-access key for identifying Australian Acacias)]
 
{{Taxonbar|from=Q81666}}
{{Portal3|Botânica}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Acacia}}
 
[[Categoria:ÁrvoresDesambiguação]]
[[Categoria:Fabaceae]]
[[Categoria:Acacia|Acacia]]
Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acácia"