Wikipédia

Neolatim: diferenças entre revisões

Explorar interativamente o histórico
← Ver a alteração anteriorVer a alteração posterior →
Conteúdo apagado Conteúdo adicionado
VisualTexto wiki
Sem fontes; a inventada palavra "neolatim" nem se regista em vários dicionários de português
não está em tradução.
Etiqueta: Substituição
Linha 1:
{{Sem-fontes|| hist| data=novembro de 2019}}
[[imagem:akihitum-et-michikam.jpg|thumb|300px| Inscrição neolatina na fachada da [[Universidade de Salamanca]], comemorando a visita do Príncipe [[Akihito]] e a Princesa Michika do [[Japão]]]]
{{em tradução|inglês}}
 
O '''neolatimNeolatim''' (também '''latim moderno''' ou '''novo latim''') é uma versão de [[latim]] estabelecida por estudiosos do fim da [[Idade Média]], que era utilizado para fins científicos, na qual são empregados progressivamente, sem distinção, elementos da [[língua grega]] e de outras línguas sob formas alatinadas. O neolatim hoje, usa-se principalmente na linguagem científica internacional, [[cladística]] e [[sistemática]]. O termo fez-se popular a finais da [[década de 1890]] entre [[linguista]]s e [[científico]]s de fala inglesa.
 
[[Ficheiro:akihitum-et-michikam.jpg|thumb|300px| Inscrição neolatina na fachada da [[Universidade de Salamanca]], comemorando a visita do Príncipe ''[[Akihito|Akihitus]]'' e a Princesa ''Michika'' do [[Japão]].]]
 
{{Períodos do latim}}
O termo "neolatim" é empregado para descrever o uso do latim para qualquer finalidade, científica ou literária, depois do [[Renascimento]] (por isso é que se toma como referência o ano [[1600]]).
 
E o termo "latim moderno" significa agora uma versão atualizada e simplificada do [[Interlíngua]], que visa unir os povos da família lingüística latina com uma linguagem de compreensão quase total sem estudo prévio. Veja o seu site de promoção : http://interland.skyrock.com .
<!--
==Extent==
[[Classics|Classicist]]s use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, after the [[Renaissance]]. The beginning of the period is imprecise; however, the spread of secular education, the acceptance of [[humanities|humanist]]ic literary norms, and the wide availability of Latin texts following the invention of [[printing]] mark the transition to a new era at the end of the 1400s. The end of the New Latin period is likewise indeterminate, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare after the first few decades of the 19th century, and by 1900 it survived primarily in [[international scientific vocabulary]] [[cladistics]] and [[systematics]]. The term "New Latin" came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among [[linguistics|linguist]]s and [[scientist]]s.
New Latin was, at least in its early days, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. This area included all of Western Europe, including Scandinavia; its southern border was the Mediterranean Sea, while in Eastern Europe it had little use in regions with majority Orthodox or Muslim populations, with the division more or less corresponding to the modern eastern borders of Finland, the Baltic states, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia. Russia's acquisition of [[Kiev]] in the later 17th century introduced the study of New Latin to that country.
 
==History of New Latin==
===Beginnings===
New Latin was inaugurated by the triumph of the [[humanities|humanist]] reform of Latin education, led by such writers as [[Desiderius Erasmus|Erasmus]], [[Thomas More|More]], and [[John Colet|Colet]]. [[Medieval Latin]] had been the practical working language of the [[Roman Catholic Church]], taught throughout Europe to aspiring clerics and refined in the medieval universities. It was a flexible and living language, full of neologisms and often composed without reference to the grammar or style of classical (usually pre-Christian) authors. While accepting many of the strengths of [[Medieval Latin]], the humanist reformers sought both to purify Latin grammar and style, and to make Latin applicable to concerns beyond the ecclesiastical, creating a body of Latin literature outside the bounds of the Church. Attempts at reforming Latin usage would occur sporadically throughout the period, becoming most successful in the mid-to-late 19th century.
 
===Height===
The Protestant Reformation (1520-1580), though it removed Latin from the liturgies of the churches of Northern Europe, may have advanced the cause of the new secular Latin. The period during and after the Reformation, coinciding with the growth of printed literature, saw the growth of an immense body of New Latin literature, on all kinds of secular as well as religious subjects.
 
The heyday of New Latin was its first two centuries (1500-1700), when in the continuation of the Medieval Latin tradition, it served as the primary language of science, education, and to some degree diplomacy in Europe. Classic works such as [[Sir Isaac Newton|Newton]]'s [[Principia Mathematica]] (1687) were written in the language. Throughout this period, Latin was a universal [[education|school]] subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for [[elementary education]] in [[Western Europe]] and those places which shared its culture. All [[university|universities]] required Latin proficiency (obtained in local grammar schools) to obtain admittance as a student.
 
Through most of the 17th century, Latin was also supreme as an international language of diplomatic correspondence, used in negotiations between nations and the writing of treaties, e.g. the peace treaties of [[Peace of Westphalia|Osnabrück and Münster]] (1648). As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, New Latin appeared in a wide variety of documents, ecclesiastical, legal, diplomatic, academic, and scientific. While a text written in English, French, or Spanish at this time might be understood by a significant cross section of the learned, only a Latin text could be certain of finding someone to interpret it anywhere between Lisbon and Helsinki.
 
As late as the 1720s, Latin was still used conversationally, and was serviceable as an international auxiliary language between people of different countries who had no other language in common. For instance, the Hanoverian king [[George I of Great Britain]] (reigned 1714-1727), who had no command of spoken English, communicated in Latin with his Prime Minister [[Robert Walpole]], who knew no German.
 
===Decline===
By about 1700 A.D., the growing movement for the use of national languages (already found earlier in literature and the [[Protestant Reformation|Protestant]] religious movement) had reached academia, and an example of the transition is Newton's writing career, which began in New Latin and ended in English (e.g. ''[[Opticks]]'', 1704). A much earlier example is Galileo c. 1600, some of whose scientific writings were in Latin, some in Italian, the latter to reach a wider audience.
 
Likewise, in the early 18th century, [[French language|French]] replaced Latin as a diplomatic language, due to the commanding presence in Europe of the France of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]]. At the same time, some (like King [[Frederick William I of Prussia]]) were dismissing Latin as a useless accomplishment, unfit for a man of practical affairs. The last international treaty to be written in Latin was the [[Treaty of Vienna (1738)|Treaty of Vienna]] in 1738; after the [[War of the Austrian Succession]] (1740-1748) international diplomacy was conducted predominantly in French.
 
A diminishing audience combined with diminishing production of Latin texts pushed Latin into a declining spiral from which it has not recovered. As it was gradually abandoned by various fields, and as less written material appeared in it, there was less of a practical reason for anyone to bother to learn Latin; as fewer people knew Latin, there was less reason for material to be written in the language. Latin came to be viewed as esoteric, irrelevant, and worst of all, too difficult. As languages like French, German, and English came to be more widely known, recourse to a 'difficult' auxiliary language would seem unnecessary; while the argument that Latin could be used to expand readership beyond a single nation was fatally weakened if, in fact, Latin readers did not compose a majority of the intended audience.
 
As the 18th century progressed, the extensive literature in Latin being produced at the beginning slowly contracted. By 1800 Latin publications were far outnumbered, and often outclassed, by writings in the vernacular. Latin literature lasted longest in very specific fields (e.g. botany and zoölogy) where it had acquired a technical character, and where a literature available only to a small number of learned individuals could remain viable. By the end of the 19th century, Latin in some instances functioned less as a language than as a code capable of concise and exact expression, as for instance in physicians' prescriptions, or in a botanist's description of a specimen. In other fields (e.g. anatomy or law) where Latin had been widely used, it survived in technical phrases and terminology. The perpetuation of [[Ecclesiastical Latin]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] through the 20th century can be considered a special case of the technicalizing of Latin, and the narrowing of its use to an élite class of readers.
 
By 1900, creative Latin composition, for purely artistic purposes, had become rare. Authors such as [[Arthur Rimbaud]] and [[Max Beerbohm]] wrote Latin verse, but these texts were either school exercises or occasional pieces. The last survivals of New Latin to convey non-technical information appear in the use of Latin to cloak passages and expressions deemed too indecent (in the 19th century) to be read by children, the lower classes, or (most) women. Such passages appear in translations of foreign texts and in works on folklore, anthropology, and psychology, e.g. [[Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing|Krafft-Ebing]]'s ''[[Psychopathia Sexualis (book)|Psychopathia Sexualis]]'' (1886).
 
===Crisis and transformation===
Latin as a language held a place of educational pre-eminence until the second half of the nineteenth century. At that point its value was increasingly questioned; in the twentieth century, [[philosophy of education|educational philosophies]] such as that of [[John Dewey]] dismissed its relevance. At the same time, the philological study of Latin appeared to show that the traditional methods and materials for teaching Latin were dangerously out of date and ineffective.
 
In secular academic use, however, New Latin declined sharply and then continuously after about 1700 A.D. Although Latin texts continued to be written throughout the 18th and into the 19th century, their number and their scope diminished over time. By 1900, very few new texts were being created in Latin for practical purposes, and the production of Latin texts had become little more than a hobby for Latin enthusiasts.
 
Around the beginning of the 19th century came a renewed emphasis on the study of [[Classical Latin]] as the spoken language of the Romans of the 1st centuries BC and AD. This new emphasis, similar to that of the Humanists but based on broader linguistic, historical, and critical studies of Latin literature, led to the exclusion of Neo-Latin literature from academic studies in schools and universities (except for advanced historical language studies); to the abandonment of New Latin neologisms; and to an increasing interest in the reconstructed Classical pronunciation, which was to displace the several regional pronunciations in Europe in the early 20th century.
 
Coincident with these changes in Latin instruction, and to some degree motivating them, came a concern about lack of Latin proficiency among students. Latin had already lost its privileged role as the core subject of elementary instruction; and as education spread to the middle and lower classes, it tended to be dropped altogether. By the mid-20th century, even the trivial acquaintance with Latin typical of the 19th-century student was a thing of the past.
 
===Relics===
[[Image:Sjukhusfickur (gabbe).jpg|thumb|This [[pocket watch]] made for the medical community has Latin instructions for measuring a patient's [[pulse rate]] on its dial: ''enumeras ad XX pulsus'', "count to the twentieth heartbeat".]]
[[Ecclesiastical Latin]], the form of New Latin used in the [[Roman Catholic Church]], remained in use throughout the period and after. Until the [[Second Vatican Council]] of 1962-65 all priests were expected to have competency in it, and it was studied in Catholic schools. It is still today the official language of the Church. Use of [[Latin Mass|Latin in the Mass]], largely abandoned through the later 20th century, has recently seen a resurgence, sponsored in part by [[Pope Benedict XVI]].
 
New Latin is also the source of the [[biological]] system of [[binomial nomenclature]] and classification of living organisms devised by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Carolus Linnæus]], although the rules of the [[International Code of Zoological Nomenclature|ICZN]] allow the construction of names which may deviate considerably from historical norms. See also [[classical compound]]s. Another continuation is the use of Latin names for the surface features of planets and planetary satellites ([[planetary nomenclature]]), originated in the mid-17th century for [[Selenography|selenographic]] toponyms. New Latin has also contributed a vocabulary for specialized fields such as [[anatomy]] and [[law]]; some of these words have become part of the normal, non-technical vocabulary of various European languages.
 
==Pronunciation==
{{further|[[Latin regional pronunciation]]}}
 
New Latin had no single pronunciation, but a host of local variants or dialects, all distinct both from each other and from the historical pronunciation of Latin at the time of the Roman Republic and Empire. As a rule, the local pronunciation of Latin used sounds identical to those of the dominant local language; the result of a concurrently evolving pronunciation in the living languages and the corresponding spoken dialects of Latin. Despite this variation, there are some common characteristics to nearly all of the dialects of New Latin, for instance:
 
* The use of a sibilant fricative or affricate in place of a stop for the letters ''c'' and sometimes ''g'', when preceding a front vowel.
* The use of a sibilant fricative or affricate for the letter ''t'' when not in the onset of the first syllable and preceding unstressed ''i'' followed by a vowel.
* The use of a labiodental fricative for most instances of the letter ''v'' (or consonantal ''u''), instead of the classical labiovelar approximant {{IPA|/ w /}}.
* A tendency for medial ''s'' to be voiced to [ z ], especially between vowels.
* The merger of ''æ'' and ''œ'' with ''e'', and of ''y'' with ''i''.
* The loss of the distinction between short and long vowels, with such vowel distinctions as remain being dependent upon word-stress.
 
The regional dialects of New Latin can be grouped into families, according to the extent to which they share common traits of pronunciation. The major division is between Western and Eastern family of New Latin. The Western family includes most Romance-speaking regions (France, Spain, Portugal, Italy) and the British Isles; the Eastern includes Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe.
 
The Western family is characterized, ''inter alia'', by having a front variant of the letter ''g'' before the vowels ''æ, e, i, œ, y'' and also pronouncing ''j'' in the same way (except in Italy). In the Eastern family, ''j'' is always pronounced [ j ], and ''g'' had the same sound (usually [ ɡ ]) in front of both front and back vowels; exceptions developed later in some Scandinavian countries.
 
The following table illustrates some of the variation of New Latin consonants found in various countries of Western Europe, compared to the Classical Latin pronunciation of the 1st centuries BCE-CE<ref>{{cite book |title=The Three Pronunciations of Latin |last=Fisher |first=Michael Montgomery |year=1879 |publisher=New England Publishing Company |location=Boston |pages=10–11 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-CkTAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>. In Eastern Europe, the pronunciation of Latin was generally similar to that used in Germany, but usually with [ z ] for ''z'' instead of German [ ts ].
 
{|class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
!align="center" rowspan="3"|Roman letter !! align="center" colspan="9"|Pronunciation
|-
! rowspan="2"|Classical !! colspan="5"|Western !! colspan="3"| Eastern
|-
! Italy !! France !! England !! Portugal !! Spain !! Germany !! Netherlands !! Scandinavia
|-align="center"
| '''c'''<br/><small>before æ, e, i, œ, y</small> || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ tʃ /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ θ /}} || {{IPA|/ ts /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}}
|-align="center"
| '''cc'''<br/><small>before æ, e, i, œ, y</small> || {{IPA|/ kk /}} || {{IPA|/ ttʃ /}} ||{{IPA|/ ks /}} || {{IPA|/ ks /}} ||{{IPA|/ ss /}} || {{IPA|/ kθ /}} || {{IPA|/ kts /}} || {{IPA|/ ss /}} || {{IPA|/ ss /}}
|-align="center"
| '''ch''' || {{IPA|/ kʰ /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k /, / x /}} || {{IPA|/ x /}} || {{IPA|/ k /}}
|-align="center"
| '''g'''<br/><small>before æ, e, i, œ, y</small> || {{IPA|/ ɡ /}} || {{IPA|/ dʒ /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ ʒ /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ dʒ /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ ʒ /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ x /}} || {{IPA|/ ɡ /}} || {{IPA|/ ɣ / or / x /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ j/}}
|-align="center"
| '''j''' || {{IPA|/ j /}} || {{IPA|/ j /}} || {{IPA|/ j /}} || {{IPA|/ j /}}
|-align="center"
| '''qu'''<br/><small>before a, o, u</small> ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kw /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kw /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ k /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kw /}} || {{IPA|/ kw /}} || {{IPA|/ kw / }} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kv /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kv /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ kv /}}
|-align="center"
| '''qu'''<br/><small>before æ, e, i</small> || {{IPA|/ k /}} || {{IPA|/ k / }}
|-align="center"
| '''sc'''<br/><small>before æ, e, i, œ, y</small> || {{IPA|/ sk /}} || {{IPA|/ ʃ /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} ||rowspan="2"| {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ sθ /}} || {{IPA|/ sts /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}}
|-align="center"
| '''t'''<br/><small>before unstressed i+vowel<br/>except initially<br/>or after s, t, x</small> || {{IPA|/t/}} || {{IPA|/ ts/}} || {{IPA|/ ʃ /}} || {{IPA|/ θ /}} || {{IPA|/ts/}} || {{IPA|/ts/}} || {{IPA|/ ts /}}
|-align="center"
| '''v''' || {{IPA|/ w /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ b / ([β])}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}} || {{IPA|/ v /}}
|-align="center"
| '''z''' || {{IPA|/ dz /}} || {{IPA|/ dz /}} || {{IPA|/ z /}} || {{IPA|/ z /}} || {{IPA|/ z /}} || {{IPA|/ θ / }} || {{IPA|/ ts /}} || {{IPA|/ z /}} || {{IPA|/ s /}}
|-
|}
 
==Orthography==
New Latin texts are primarily found in early printed editions, which present certain features of spelling and the use of diacritics which are distinct from the Latin of antiquity, medieval Latin manuscript conventions, and representations of Latin in modern printed editions.
 
===Characters===
In spelling, New Latin, in all but the earliest texts, distinguishes the letter ''[[u]]'' from ''[[v]]'' and ''[[i]]'' from ''[[j]]''. In older printed texts, including most from the 16th century into the first decades of the 17th century, ''v'' was used in initial position (even when it represented a vowel, e.g. in ''vt'', later printed ''ut'') and ''u'' was used elsewhere, e.g. in ''nouus'', later printed ''novus''. By the middle decades of the 1600s, the letter ''v'' was used for the consonantal sound of Roman V, which in most pronunciations of Latin in the New Latin period was {{IPA|[v]}} (and not {{IPA|[w]}}), as in ''vulnus'' "wound", ''corvus'' "crow". Where the pronunciation remained {{IPA|[w]}}, as after ''g'', ''q'' and ''s'', the spelling ''u'' continued to be used for the consonant, e.g. in ''lingua'', ''qualis'', and ''suadeo''.
 
The letter ''j'' generally represented a consonantal sound (pronounced in various ways in different European countries, e.g. {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}}). It appeared, for instance, in ''jam'' "now" or ''jubet'' "orders" (now spelled ''iam'' and ''iubet''). It was also found between vowels in the words ''ejus'', ''hujus'', ''cujus'' (now normally spelled ''eius, huius, cuius''), and pronounced as a consonant; likewise in such forms as ''major'' and ''pejor''. ''J'' was also used when the last in a sequence of two or more ''i'''s, e.g. ''radij'' (now spelled ''radii'') "rays", ''alijs'' "to others", ''iij'', the Roman numeral 3; however, ''ij'' was for the most part replaced by ''ii'' by 1700.
 
In common with texts in other languages using the Roman alphabet, Latin texts down to c. 1800 used ſ (the ''[[long s]]''), italic ''ſ'' for ''s'' in positions other than at the end of a word; e.g. ''ipſiſſimus''.
 
The digraphs ''ae'' and ''oe'' were rarely if ever so written; instead the ligatures ''æ'' and ''œ'' were used, e.g. ''Cæsar'', ''pœna''. More rarely (and usually in 16th to early 17th-century texts) the [[e caudata]] is found substituting for either.
 
===Diacritics===
Three kinds of diacritic were in common use: the acute accent ´, the grave accent `, and the circumflex accent ˆ. These were normally only marked on vowels (e.g. í, è, â); but see below regarding ''que''.
[[Image:RenaissanceLatinHandwriting1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Handwriting in Latin from 1595]]
 
The acute accent marked a stressed syllable, but was usually confined to those where the stress was not in its normal position, as determined by vowel length and syllabic weight. In practice, it was typically found on the vowel in the syllable immediately preceding a final [[clitic]], particularly ''que'' "and", ''ve'' "or" and ''ne'', a question marker; e.g. ''idémque'' "and the same (thing)". By some printers, however, this acute accent was placed over the ''q'' in ''que'' when that clitic followed, e.g. ''eorumq́ue'' "and their". The acute accent fell out of favor by the 19th century.
 
The grave accent had various uses, none related to pronunciation or stress. It was always found on the preposition ''à'' (variant of ''ab'' "by" or "from") and likewise on the preposition ''è'' (variant of ''ex'' "from" or "out of"). Most frequently, it was found on the last (or only) syllable of various adverbs and conjunctions, particularly those which might be confused with prepositions or with inflected forms of nouns, verbs, or adjectives. Examples include ''certè'' "certainly", ''verò'' "but", ''primùm'' "at first", ''pòst'' "afterwards", ''cùm'' "when", ''adeò'' "so far, so much", ''unà'' "together", ''quàm'' "than". In some texts the grave was found over the clitics such as ''que'', in which case the acute accent did not appear before them.
 
The circumflex accent represented metrical length (generally not distinctively pronounced in the New Latin period) and was chiefly found over an ''a'', when that represented an ablative singular case, e.g. ''eâdem formâ'' "with the same shape". It might also be used to distinguish two words otherwise spelled identically, but distinct in vowel length; e.g. ''hîc'' "here" differentiated from ''hic'' "this", ''fugêre'' "they have fled" (=''fūgērunt'') distinguished from ''fugere'' "to flee", or ''senatûs'' "of the senate" distinct from ''senatus'' "the senate". It might also be used for vowels arising from contraction, e.g. ''nôsti'' for ''novisti'' "you know", ''imperâsse'' for ''imperavisse'' "to have commanded", or ''dî'' for ''dei'' or ''dii''.
 
==Notable works (1500-1900)==
[[Image:Hans Holbein d. J. 047.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Erasmus by [[Hans Holbein the Younger|Holbein]]]]
 
===Literature and biography===
* 1511. ''[[The Praise of Folly|Stultitiæ Laus]]'', essay by [[Desiderius Erasmus]].
* 1516. ''[[Utopia (book)|Utopia]]''[http://www.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/diglib/more/utopia/] [http://www.chlt.org/sandbox/colloquia/utopia/index.html] by [[Thomas More]]
* 1525.&1538. ''Hispaniola'' and ''Emerita'', two comedies by [[Juan Maldonado]].
* 1546. ''Sintra'', a poem by [[Luisa Sigea de Velasco]].
* 1602. ''[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camena/bider3/te02.html Cenodoxus]'', a play by [[Jacob Bidermann]].
* 1608. ''[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/desbillons/west.html Parthenica]'', two books of poetry by [[Elizabeth Jane Weston]].
* 1621. ''[http://mdz1.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00005800/images/ Argenis]'', a novel by [[John Barclay (1582-1621)|John Barclay]].
* 1626-1652. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=AF-Ewq5CEzEC&pg=PA251 Poems]'' by [[John Milton]].
* 1634. ''Somnium'', a scientific fantasy by [[Johannes Kepler]].
* 1741. ''Nicolai Klimii Iter Subterraneum''[http://books.google.com/books?id=e3wOAAAAQAAJ][http://www2.kb.dk/elib/lit//dan/holberg/klim/], a satire by [[Ludvig Holberg]].
* 1761. ''Slawkenbergii Fabella'', short parodic piece in [[Laurence Sterne]]'s ''[[Tristram Shandy]]''.
* 1767. ''[http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0708.HTM Apollo et Hyacinthus]'', [[intermezzo]] by Rufinus Widl (with music by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]).
* 1835. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3zoFAAAAYAAJ Georgii Washingtonii, Americæ Septentrionalis Civitatum Fœderatarum Præsidis Primi, Vita]'', biography of [[George Washington]] by Francis Glass.
 
===Scientific works===
* 1543. ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|De Revolutionibus Orbium Cœlestium]]'' by [[Nicolaus Copernicus]]
* 1545. ''[[Ars Magna (Gerolamo Cardano)|Ars Magna]]'' by [[Gerolamo Cardano|Hieronymus Cardanus]]
* 1600. ''[[De Magnete|De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus et de Magno Magnete Tellure]]'' by [[William Gilbert]].
* 1609. ''[[Astronomia nova]]'' by [[Johannes Kepler]].
* 1610. ''[[Sidereus Nuncius]]'' by [[Galileo Galilei]].
* 1620. ''[[Novum Organum]]'' by [[Francis Bacon]].[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bacon/bacon.hist1.shtml]
* 1628. ''[[Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus]]'' by [[William Harvey]]. [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/hvyexc/index.html]
* 1659. ''[http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/HST/Huygens/huygens.htm Systema Saturnium]'' by [[Christiaan Huygens]].
* 1673. ''[http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=531.1_H98H_1673 Horologium Oscillatorium]'' by [[Christiaan Huygens]]. Also at [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF37246751.htm Gallica].
* 1687. ''[[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' by [[Isaac Newton]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=WqaGuP1HqE0C&printsec=titlepage]
* 1703. ''[[Hortus Malabaricus]]'' by [[Hendrik van Rheede]].[http://imgbase-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr/displayimage.php?pos=-29691][http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/b11939795]
* 1735. ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' by [[Carolus Linnaeus]].
* 1737. ''[http://www.math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/pages/E015.html Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita]'' by [[Leonhard Euler]].
* 1738. ''[http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/book.cgi?call=532_B52H_1738 Hydrodynamica, sive de viribus et motibus fluidorum commentarii]'' by [[Daniel Bernoulli]].
* 1748. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=jQ4OAAAAQAAJ Introductio in analysin infinitorum]'' by [[Leonhard Euler]].
* 1753. ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' by [[Carolus Linnaeus]].
* 1758. ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' (10th ed.) by Carolus Linnaeus.
* 1801. ''[[Disquisitiones Arithmeticae]]'' by [[Carl Gauss]].
* 1810. ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen]]'' by [[Robert Brown (botanist)|Robert Brown]].[http://www.botanicus.org/title/b13218943]
* 1840. ''[[Flora Brasiliensis]]'' by [[Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius]].[http://florabrasiliensis.cria.org.br/opus?vol=1&part=1]
* 1864. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=u0AAAAAAQAAJ&pg=03#PPP7,M1 Philosophia zoologica]'' by [[Jan van der Hoeven]].
 
===Other technical subjects===
* 1511-16. ''De Orbe Novo Decades'' by [[Peter Martyr d'Anghiera]].
* 1514. ''De Asse et Partibus'' by [[Guillaume Budé]].
* 1524. ''De motu Hispaniæ'' by [[Juan Maldonado]].
* 1525. ''De subventione pauperum sive de humanis necessitatibus libri duo'' by [[Juan Luis Vives]].
* 1530. ''Syphilis, sive, De Morbo Gallico'' by [[Girolamo Fracastoro]]([http://www.poetiditalia.it/poetiditalia/testo.jsp?nocc=pf2329708 transcription])
* 1531. ''De disciplinis libri XX'' by [[Juan Luis Vives]].
* 1552. ''Colloquium de aulica et privata vivendi ratione'' by [[Luisa Sigea de Velasco]].
* 1553. ''Christianismi Restitutio'' by [[Michael Servetus]]. A mainly theological treatise, where the function of [[pulmonary circulation]] was first described by a European, more than half a century before Harvey. For this book Servetus was denounced by Calvin and his followers, condemned by the French Inquisition, and burnt alive just outside of Geneva. Only three copies survived.
* 1554. ''De naturæ philosophia seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione libri quinque'' by [[Sebastián Fox Morcillo]].
* 1582. ''Rerum Scoticarum Historia'' by [[George Buchanan]] ([http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/frontlat.html transcription])
* 1587. ''Minerva sive de causis linguæ Latinæ'' by [[Francisco Sánchez de las Brozas]].
* 1589. ''De natura Novi Orbis libri duo et de promulgatione euangelii apud barbaros sive de procuranda Indorum salute'' by [[José de Acosta]].
* 1597. ''Disputationes metaphysicæ'' by [[Francisco Suárez]].
* 1599. ''De rege et regis institutione'' by [[Juan de Mariana]].
* 1604-1608. ''Historia sui temporis'' by [[Jacques Auguste de Thou|Jacobus Augustus Thuanus]].
* 1612. ''De legibus'' by [[Francisco Suárez]].
* 1625. ''[[De Jure Belli ac Pacis]]'' by [[Hugo Grotius]]. ([http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/pages.cgi?call=341_G88H_1625&layout=vol0/part0/copy0&file=0001 Posner Collection facsimile]; [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k580227 Gallica facsimile])
* 1641. ''Meditationes de prima philosophia'' by [[René Descartes]]. ([http://www.wright.edu/cola/descartes/medl.html The Latin, French and English by John Veitch.])
* 1642-1658. ''Elementa Philosophica'' by [[Thomas Hobbes]].
* 1657. ''[[Orbis Pictus|Orbis Sensualium Pictus]]'' by [[John Amos Comenius]]. ([http://books.google.com/books?id=pxkaVd0-bpgC&printsec=titlepage Hoole parallel Latin/English translation, 1777]; [http://www.grexlat.com/biblio/comenius/index.html Online version in Latin])
* 1670. ''[[Theologico-Political Treatise|Tractatus Theologico-Politicus]]'' by [[Baruch Spinoza]].
* 1725. ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' by [[Johann Joseph Fux]]. An influential treatise on musical counterpoint.
* 1780. ''De rebus gestis Caroli V Imperatoris et Regis Hispaniæ'' and ''De rebus Hispanorum gestis ad Novum Orbem Mexicumque'' by [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda]].
 
==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}
 
==See also==
* [[Binomial nomenclature]]
* [[Classical compound]]
* [[Loci Communes]]
 
==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/bibliography/index.htm An Analytic Bibliography of On-line Neo-Latin Titles] — Bibliography of Renaissance Latin and Neo-Latin literature on the web.
* [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/itatti/neolatin_lit.html A Lost Continent of Literature: The rise and fall of Neo-Latin, the universal language of the Renaissance.] — An essay on Neo-Latin literature by James Hankins from the [[I Tatti Renaissance Library]] website.
* [http://www.arts.yorku.ca/aanls/ American Association for Neo-Latin Studies]
* [http://ablemedia.com/ctcweb/consortium/moremottoes2.html Latin Abbreviations] used in modern language.
* [http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenahtdocs/camena_e.html CAMENA] – Latin Texts of Early Modern Europe
* [http://www.ucc.ie/acad/classics/CNLS/ Center for Neo-Latin Studies] at University College Cork
* [http://www.uib.no/neolatin/ Database of Nordic Neo-Latin Literature]
* [http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/Dutch/Latijn/Heinsius.html Heinsius collection: Dutch Neo-Latin poetry]
* [http://garden-gate.prairienet.org/botrts.htm Glossary of Latin Roots of Botanical Terms]
* [http://www.ianls.org/ International Association for Neo-Latin Studies]
* [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/a_chron.html#latnov Latinitas Nova] at Bibliotheca Augustana
* {{cite book|first=Joh. Jac.|last=Hofmanni|title=Lexicon Universale|date=2009|origyear=1698|url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann.html|language=German, Latin|publisher=Corpus Automatum Multiplex Electorum Neolatinitatis Auctorum (CAMENA), University of Mannheim}}
* {{cite web|title=Neo-Latin|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/neo.html|publisher=The Latin Library|language=Latin|accessdate=12 October 2009}}
* {{cite web|title=PANTOIA: Unterhaltsame Literatur und Dichtung in lateinischer und griechischer Übersetzung|url=http://www.pantoia.de/pantoia.html|language=German|publisher=Pantoia|first=Bernd|last=Patydasch|date=2008|accessdate=12 October 2009}}
* {{cite web|title=Seminarium Philologiae Humanisticae|url=http://www.arts.kuleuven.be/sph/|publisher=Katholieke Universiteit Leuven|date=2009|accessdate=12 October 2009}}
* {{cite web|title=Society for Neo-Latin Studies|url=http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/ren/snls/|publisher=University of Warwick, UK|date=2008|accessdate=12 October 2009}}
{{latinperiods|100}}
-->
Interlingua{{Períodos do latim}}
 
[[Categoria:Latim]]
Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolatim"