Chromebook: diferenças entre revisões

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<!-- ==Design== Chromebooks are shipped with the Google Chrome OS operating system, which uses the [[Linux kernel]], and the [[Google Chrome]] web browser with an integrated [[Media player (application software)|media player]].<ref name="CT10May11">{{citar jornal|url = http://www.conceivablytech.com/7296/products/chrome-os-file-manager-gets-secret-shortcuts|título= Chrome OS File Manager Gets Secret Shortcuts|acessodata=14 de maio de 2011|último = Bailey|primeiro = Dan|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = May|obra= Conceivably Tech}}</ref><ref>{{citar web|último =Smith|primeiro =William|título=8 Things You Need to Know About Chrome OS|url=http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/8_things_you_need_know_about_chrome_os|publicado=MaximumPC|acessodata=14 de maio de 2011}}</ref> With limited offline capability and a boot time, according to Google, of eight seconds, Chromebooks are primarily designed to be used while connected to the Internet.<ref name="WSJ: Google to Launch">{{citar jornal|último =Sherr|primeiro =Ian|título=Google to launch Chrome Laptops in June|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703730804576317361801753874.html|acessodata=11 de maio de 2011|jornal=Wall Street Journal|data=11 de maio de 2011}}</ref> Instead of installing [[application software|traditional applications]] such as word processing and instant messaging, users add [[web application|web apps]] from the [[Chrome Web Store]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.google.com/support/chrome_webstore/bin/answer.py?hl=en-GB&answer=1047776&ctx=cbo/ |título=What is the Chrome Web Store? |publicado=[[Google Inc.]] }}</ref> Google claims that a multi-layer security architecture eliminates the need for [[antivirus]] software.<ref name="Google blog ann" /> Support for many USB devices such as cameras, mice, external keyboards and flash drives is included, utilizing a feature similar to plug-and-play on other operating systems. Like the prototype Cr-48, Chromebooks have a specialized keyboard complete with buttons for opening and controlling multiple browser windows, as well as a Web search button which replaces the [[caps lock]] key.<ref>{{citar jornal|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2385271,00.asp |título=Three Big Questions for the Samsung Chromebook |jornal=[[PC Mag]] |data=12 de maio de 2011 |primeiro =Damon |último =Poeter}}</ref> An analysis of the Samsung Series 5 components by [[iFixit]] in June 2011 estimated that the unit cost about [[US$]]322 in materials and US$12 in labor costs. With a retail price of US$499.99 and shipping, marketing, research and development and retail margins to account for this indicates that the profit margins on the Chromebooks are quite thin, requiring a large production run to make a profit.<ref name="CT13Jun11">{{citar jornal|url = http://www.conceivablytech.com/7956/business/first-chromebook-is-expensive-to-make|título= First Chromebook Is Expensive To Make|acessodata=16 de junho de 2011|último = Bakke|primeiro = Kurt|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = June|obra= Conceivably Tech}}</ref> ==Models== Google developed the first Chromebook, the [[Cr-48]], as a prototype machine. The first commercial Chromebooks, functionally similar to the Cr-48, are produced by [[Samsung]] and [[Acer Inc.|Acer]].<ref name="WSJ: Google to Launch"/> The machines are available in both Wi-Fi and [[3G]] versions from both manufacturers. The Samsung Chromebook has a 12.1&nbsp;inch 1280×800 screen.<ref name="samsung-chromebook">[http://www.google.com/chromebook/#chromebooks-samsung Google Chrome Samsung]</ref> The Acer Chromebook has an {{convert|11.6|in|mm|adj=on}} screen.<ref name="acer-chromebook">[http://www.google.com/chromebook/#chromebooks-acer Google Chrome Acer]</ref> Both versions include an HD [[webcam]] and two [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] 2.0 ports. The Samsung version has Mini-VGA out<ref name="samsung-chromebook" /> while the Acer version has the [[HDMI]] output.<ref name="acer-chromebook" /> {| class="wikitable" |- |+ style="background:#BFD7FF"| Chromebook models |- ! Manufacturer ! Model ! Available !Processor ! RAM ! Hard drive ! Screen size ! Weight ! Base price ! Origin ! References |- | [[Google]] | Cr-48 (prototype) | December 2010 | 1.66&nbsp;GHz single-core [[Intel Atom N455]] | 2 GB | 16 GB [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] | {{convert|12.1|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} | {{convert|3.8|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} | Not for retail sale | | <ref name="CNETDec10">{{citar jornal|url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-20024897-1.html#ixzz1MNESbj6M|título= Google Cr-48 Chrome hardware pilot program: 'Not for the faint of heart' |acessodata=14 de maio de 2011|último =Ackerman|primeiro =Dan|autorlink = |ano= 2010|month =December|obra= [[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref name="Lounge">{{citar web|url = http://www.chromeoslounge.com/cr-48-chrome-notebook/207-google-cr-48-notebook-*full*-hardware-specs.html|título=Google CR-48 Notebook *FULL* Hardware Specs|acessodata=14 de maio de 2011|último = Caris|primeiro = Brad|autorlink = |ano= 2010|month =November}}</ref> <ref name="newnotebookinfo">{{citar jornal|url =http://newnotebookinfo.com/google-chrome-cr-48-notebook-reviewspecs-and-price|título= Google Chrome Cr-48 Notebook Review, Specs and Price|acessodata=14 de maio de 2011|último = newnotebookinfo.com |autorlink = |ano= undated}}</ref> |- | [[Samsung]] | Series 5 | June 2011 | 1.66&nbsp;GHz dual-core [[Intel Atom N570]] | 2 GB | 16 GB [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] | {{convert|12.1|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} | {{convert|3.3|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} | US$349.99 Wi-Fi</br>US$449.99 3G<ref>http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/tis-season-for-chromebooks.html</ref> | China | <ref name=CNET11May11 /> <ref>{{citar jornal|url = http://www.google.com/chromebook/#chromebooks-samsung|título= Google Chromebook: Specifications |acessodata=15 de maio de 2011}}</ref> |- | [[Acer Inc.]] | AC700 | July 2011 | 1.66&nbsp;GHz dual-core [[Intel Atom N570]] | 2 GB | 16 GB [[Solid-state drive|SSD]] | {{convert|11.6|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} | {{convert|3.19|lb|kg|1|abbr=on}} | US$299.99 Wi-Fi</br>US$399.99 3G<ref>http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/tis-season-for-chromebooks.html</ref> | China | <ref name="acer-chromebook" /> <ref>[http://www.amazon.com/b/ref=amb_link_37889822_2?ie=UTF8&node=2858603011&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=gp-left-1&pf_rd_r=192A5THN0QP38GQVFWVJ&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=129794 Nothing but the web] Amazon</ref> <ref>{{citar jornal|url = http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00507ALBG/ref=s9_al_bw_ir03/188-8077383-0890129?pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=center-5&pf_rd_r=1XD3PVD7DPFEZP2D9Q78&pf_rd_t=101&pf_rd_p=1298146042&pf_rd_i=2858603011|título= Amazon Page |acessodata=17 de maio de 2011}}</ref> |} ==Sales and marketing== [[Imagem:Acer Chromebook.jpg|thumb|250px|The Acer Chromebook]] Since late 2010, Google's Chromebooks initiative has been headed by Rajen Sheth, best known as the “father of [[Google Apps]]”. Sheth's background includes corporate marketing at [[VMWare]], where he worked on a [[data center]] product. His strategy for marketing Chromebooks has centered on the [[total cost of ownership]], which, he said, can be "dramatically" reduced by lower maintenance, management and security costs, even if hardware costs remain unchanged.<ref name="Wired: Sheth">{{citar jornal|último =Metz|primeiro =Cade|título=Chromebook: ‘Father of Google Apps’ Raises Second Child|url=http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/10/chromebook-raises-second-child/|acessodata=7 de outubro de 2011|jornal=Wired|data=7 de outubro de 2011}}</ref> Chromebooks began selling through online channels, including [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] and [[Best Buy]] in the U.S., and in some European countries starting June 15, 2011. The first machines sold for between $349 and $499, depending on model and whether 3G was included.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/05/11/the-google-chrome-netbook-breaks-cover-at-io-2011/ |título=The Google Chromebook Breaks Cover At I/O 2011, Hits Retailers June 15th |obra=[[TechCrunch]] }}</ref> Google also offered a monthly payment scheme for business and education customers at $28 and $20 per user, per month, respectively for a three-year contract, including replacements and upgrades. [[Verizon]] offered 100 megabytes of wireless data per month, with an additional gigabyte at $20 per month.<ref name="WSJ: Google to Launch" /> Google's early marketing efforts relied primarily on hands-on experience: giving away Samsung machines to 10 Cr-48 pilot program participants along with the title Chromebook Guru and loaning Chromebooks to passengers on some [[Virgin America]] flights.<ref name="Sood24Jun11"> {{citar jornal|url = http://www.gadgetell.com/technologytell/article/google-launches-new-chromebook-guru-program/ |título= Google launches new Chromebook Guru Program |acessodata=11 de agosto de 2011|último = Sood|primeiro = Natesh|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = June|obra= Gagetell}}</ref><ref name="Parfeni23Jun11"> {{citar jornal|url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/The-Most-Enthusiastic-Cr-48-Owners-Will-Get-a-Free-Samsung-Chromebook-207840.shtml|título= The Most Enthusiastic Cr-48 Owners Will Get a Free Samsung Chromebook|acessodata=11 de agosto de 2011|último = Parfeni|primeiro = Lucien|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = June|obra= [[Softpedia]]}}</ref><ref>{{citar jornal|último =Paula|primeiro =Rooney|título=Google, Virgin America partner to push ChromeBooks, free WiFi in the clouds (the real ones)|url=http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/google-virgin-america-partner-to-push-chromebooks-free-wifi-in-the-clouds-the-real-ones/9188|acessodata=2 de julho de 2011|jornal=ZDNet|data=30 de junho de 2011}}</ref> At the end of September 2011, Google launched the Chrome Zone, a "store within a store", inside the [[Currys]] and [[PC World (retailer)|PC World]] superstore in London.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.neowin.net/news/google-gets-its-own-store--sort-of |título=Google gets its own store ... sort of |obra=[[Neowin.net]]|data=2011-09-30|acessodata=2011-10-01}}</ref> The store had a Google-style look and feel with splashes of color all around the retail store front.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/computing/pc/google-launches-chrome-zone-in-london-store-1030633|título=Google launches Chrome Zone in London store|obra=[[TechRadar]]|data=2011-09-30|acessodata=2011-10-01}}</ref> Google said it was planning to open more Chrome Zones in the UK over the next few months.<ref>{{citar web|url=http://chrome.blogspot.com/2011/09/go-hands-on-with-chromebook-in-london.html|título=Go hands-on with a Chromebook in London|obra=Google Chrome Blog|data=2011-09-30|acessodata=2011-10-01}}</ref> On 21 November, 2011, Google announced<ref>http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/tis-season-for-chromebooks.html</ref> price reductions on all Chromebooks. Since then, the [[Wi-Fi]]-only Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $349, the [[3G]] Samsung Series 5 was reduced to $449, and the Acer AC700 was reduced to $299. By January 2012, commercial sales for Chromebooks were flat, with the exception of the education market. Google had placed nearly 27,000 Chromebooks in schools across 41 states, including "one-on-one" programs, which allocate a computer for every student, in South Carolina, Illinois, and Iowa.<ref name=ChronSchools>{{citar jornal|último =Temple|primeiro =James|título=Google's Chromebooks making big school push|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2012/01/25/BUF61MTEAP.DTL&tsp=1|acessodata=6 de fevereiro de 2012|jornal=San Francisco Chronicle|data=25 de janeiro de 2012}}</ref> ==Reception== [[File:Chromebook launch.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Google's [[Sundar Pichai]] speaking about the Chromebook at its launch at [[Google I/O]], May 2011.]] Some analysts viewed Google's web-centric operating system packaged with hardware as a direct attack on the market dominance of [[Microsoft]].<ref name="Bits"/><ref name="TechCrunchSamsung"/><ref>{{citar jornal|url=http://blogs.forbes.com/greatspeculations/2011/05/16/google-attacks-microsofts-core-with-chromebook/ |obra=blogs.forbes.com |título=Google Attack Microsofts Core with Chromebook |primeiro =Great |último =Speculations |data=16 de maio de 2011}}</ref> Some observers argued that the success of the platform depends on the quality of available Web applications, access to Windows applications on virtual desktops<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/230800190/|título=Google Pleased With Chromebook Sales|obra=InformationWeek|último =Claburn|primeiro =Thomas}}</ref> which is available from third party products,<ref>{{citar web|url=http://searchvirtualdesktop.techtarget.com/tip/How-long-can-Ericoms-HTML-5-client-dominance-last|título=How long can Ericom's HTML 5 client dominance last?|obra=SearchVirtualDesktop|último =Knuth|primeiro =Gabe}}</ref> and the ability of some applications to function [[offline]].<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/mimssbits/26765/?p1=Blogs |título=Why Google Chromebook's Success Depends Entirely on Apps |obra=[[MIT Technology Review]] }}</ref><ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/blog/mimssbits/26770/?p1=blogs |título=How 'Offline' Web Apps Will Work on Google Chromebooks |obra=[[MIT Technology Review]] }}</ref> Reviewing the Samsung Series 5 specifications, Scott Stein of [[CNET Networks|CNET]] was unimpressed with the "Atom-based 12-incher with only 16&nbsp;GB of onboard storage. Chrome OS might be lighter than [[Windows XP]], but we'd still prefer more media storage space. At this price, you could also get a {{convert|11.6|in|mm|adj=on}} Wi-Fi AMD E-350-powered ultraportable running [[Windows 7]]."<ref name=CNET11May11>{{citar jornal|último =Stein|primeiro =Scott|título=First Take: Samsung Series 5 Chromebook, the future of Netbooks?|url=http://news.cnet.com/first-take-samsung-series-5-chromebook-the-future-of-netbooks-hands-on-video/8301-17938_105-20061890-1.html|acessodata=14 de maio de 2011|jornal=CNET News|data=11 de maio de 2011}}</ref> On the other hand, MG Siegler of [[TechCrunch]] wrote a largely favorable review, praising the improvements in speed and trackpad sensitivity over the CR-48 prototype, as well as the long battery life and the fact that all models are priced below the [[iPad]].<ref name="TechCrunchSamsung"/> In June 2011 [[iFixit]] dismantled a Samsung Series 5 and concluded that it was essentially an improved Cr-48. They rated it as 6/10 for repairability, predominantly because the case has to be opened to change the battery and because the RAM chip is soldered to the motherboard. iFixit noted that the "mostly-plastic construction" felt "a little cheap". On the plus side they stated that the screen was easy to remove and most of the components, including the solid state drive would be easy to replace. iFixit's Kyle Wiens concluded: "Our analysis revealed that the Series 5 is a well-polished version of the rather imperfect Cr-48 prototype Chromebook. The Series 5 fixes the major shortfalls of the Cr-48 and adds the polish necessary to strike lust into the heart of a broad consumer base: sleek looks, 8+ hours of battery life, and optimized performance."<ref name="Paul10Jun11">{{citar jornal|url = http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/news/2011/06/ifixit-tears-the-chrome-off-of-a-samsung-chromebook.ars|título= iFixit tears the chrome off of a Samsung Chromebook|acessodata=12 de junho de 2011|último = Paul|primeiro = Ryan|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = June|obra= [[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> In an article published on [[ZDNet]] in June 2011, entitled ''Five Chromebook concerns for businesses'', Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols faulted the devices for lack of [[virtual private network]] capability, not supporting some [[Wi-Fi]] security methods, in particular Wi-Fi Protected Access II (WPA2) Enterprise with Extensible Authentication Protocol-Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) or Cisco’s Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP). He also noted that its file manager does not work, the need to use the undocumented crosh shell to accomplish basic tasks such as setting up a secure shell (SSH) network connection as well as serious deficiencies in documentation.<ref name="Vaughan-Nichols17Jun11">{{citar jornal|url = http://www.zdnet.com/blog/networking/five-chromebook-concerns-for-businesses/1178|título= Five Chromebook concerns for businesses|acessodata=14 de junho de 2011|último = Vaughan-Nichols|primeiro = Steven J.|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = June|obra= [[ZDNet]]}}</ref> In one of the first customer reviews, the City of Orlando reported on their initial testing of 600 Chromebooks as part of a broader study related to accessing virtual desktops. Early indications show potential value in reducing IT support costs. End users have indicated that the Chromebook is easy to travel with and starts up quickly. One stated that "If I just need to stay connected for emergencies, I take my Chrome," but when traveling for business she would still take her laptop. Orlando does plan to continue to use the Chromebooks.<ref>{{citar jornal|url = http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9217920/Orlando_tries_out_600_Chromebooks?taxonomyId=77|título= Orlando tries out 600 Chromebooks, The Chrome OS-based laptops may fit into city's cloud strategy|último =Thibodeau|primeiro = Patrick|obra=Computerworld}}</ref> Reviewing the Samsung Series 5 Chromebook in July 2011, Benjamin Humphrey of [[OMG! Ubuntu!]] concluded: "Overall, the Samsung Series 5 is a lovely piece of hardware and a perfect start to the Chromebook lineup...However, the Series 5 as an overall product is let down by comparatively feature-poor software. While you shouldn’t expect a Chromebook to be a full replacement for a complete operating system, it should be able to handle basic things such as copy and paste in the File Manager and playback of common local formats. Thankfully, Chrome OS has a very quick release cycle of 6 weeks, and many of my gripes have been addressed and are targeted to the next couple of updates, so it can only get better...unless you’re a keen early adopter, I’d suggest holding out until later in the year before purchasing a Chromebook to let the software mature a bit more. If you’re simply after a tablet with a keyboard however, the Series 5 might just be the perfect purchase."<ref name="OMG15Jul11">{{citar jornal|url = http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/07/samsung-series-5-chromebook-review/|título= Google Chrome OS hands on; we review Samsung’s first Chromebook|acessodata=14 de julho de 2011|último = Humphrey|primeiro = Benjamin|autorlink = |ano= 2011|month = July|obra= [[OMG! Ubuntu!]]}}</ref> ==Trademark dispute== In June 2010, ISYS Technologies, based in Salt Lake City, sued Google in a Utah district court, claiming rights to the name "Chromium", and, by default, Chromebook and Chromebox. The suit sought to stop Google and its hardware and marketing partners from selling Chromebooks.<ref name="PCMag: Google Sued">{{citar jornal|último =Albanesius|primeiro =Chloe|título=Google Sued Over Chromebook Name|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386664,00.asp|acessodata=15 de junho de 2011|jornal=PCMag.com|data=9 de junho de 2011}}</ref> The suit was later dismissed, and, as part of an undisclosed settlement, ISYS abandoned its trademark efforts.<ref>{{citar jornal|título=HTC, Google, GM, Righthaven, AMSC: Intellectual Property|url=http://news.businessweek.com/article.asp?documentKey=1376-LRSEDE0UQVI901-1O7BEMKRC28GJJT97GLI0I7TKS|acessodata=17 de outubro de 2011|jornal=Bloomberg Businessweek|data=16 de outubro de 2011}}</ref> -->