Wikipédia

Língua ottawa

Ottawa

Nishnaabemwin, Daawaamwin

Falado(a) em: Canadá, Estados Unidos
Total de falantes: 7,4 mil
Família: Álgica
 Algoquina
  Central
   Ojíbua
    Ottawa
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1: --
ISO 639-2: ---
ISO 639-3: otw

Ottawa (or Odawa) é em verdade um dialeto da língua ojíbua falado pelo povo Odawa no sul de Ontário (Canadá) e no norte de Michigan (Estados Unidos. Alguns descendentes de falantes da língua Ottwa vivem no Kansa e em Oklahoma. O primeiro encontro de europeus com falantes da língua se registrou em 1615. O explorador Samuel de Champlain os encontrou às margens norte da Baía Georgiana (Lago Huron. A língua é escrita com o alfabeto latino e seus falantes a chamam de Nishnaabemwin ("falam a língua nativa”) ou Daawaamwin "falam Ottawa".

População Ottawa em Ontário, Michigan e Oklahoma – Reservas em vermelho

Características editar

Ottawa é o dialetos do Ojíbua que sofreu mais modificações linguísticas , embora ainda compartilhe muitas características com os demais dialetos. A diferença mais significativa é o padrão penetrante da síncope que elimina vogais curtas em muitas palavras, o que resulta em grandes mudanças fonéticas na pronúncia. Essa e outras inovações na pronúncia, junto com mudanças na morfologia linguística e no vocabulário diferenciam bem o Ottawa das demais variantes Ojíbuas.

Do mesmo modo que outros dialetos Ojíbue, a gramática do Ottawa inclui distinção de gênero gramatical para Animado – Inanimado e também para gênero (macho-fêmea) com sub-classes de verbos que dependem do gênero, com combinações de prefixos e sufixos que se conectam com classes verbais e complexos padrões para formação de palavras. Ottawa distingue ainda dois tipos de 3ª pessoa: uma com indicação de maior proximidade (física) com uma frase nominal que dá mais ênfase no discurso e uma com maior distanciamento com uma frase nominal que lhe reduz a importância

Extinção editar

Os falantes de Ottawa estão conscientes e preocupados com a eventual e provável extinção da língua, uma vez que cada vez mais Ottawas dão preferência a falar inglês, deixando de falar fluentemente a língua da etnia. Têm havido esforços para revitalizar o idioma pela sua inclusão como 2ª língua nas escolas das comunidades Ottawas.

Amostra de texto editar

Ngoding kiwenziinh ngii-noondwaaba a-dbaajmod wshkiniigkwen gii-ndodmaagod iw wiikwebjigan. Wgii-msawenmaan niw wshkinwen. Mii dash niw kiwenziinyan gii-ndodmawaad iw wiikwebjigan, gye go wgii-dbahmawaan. Mii dash gii-aabjitood maaba wshkiniigkwe iw mshkiki gaa-giishpnadood. Mii dash maaba wshkinwe gaa-zhi-gchi-zaaghaad niw wshkiniigkwen. Gye go mii gii-wiidgemaad, gye go mii wiiba gii-yaawaawaad binoojiinyan. Aapji go gii-zaaghidwag gye go gii-maajiishkaawag.

Português

Certa vez ouvi um homem idoso como uma jovem lhe perguntar pelo elixir do amor. Ela estava apaixonada por um jovem rapaz. Assim, ela pediu ao homem mais velho por um elixir do amor e lhe pagou por isso. Então, a jovem mulher usou o elixir que havia comprado. Desse modo, o homem jovem consequentemente amou muito a jovem mulher. Ele se casou com ela e logo tiveram filhos. Eles dois se amaram muito e foram muito felizes. ( “Love Medicine” - Andrew Medler)

Fonologia editar

Ottawa apresenta 17 sons consoantes e sete sons vogais orais, havendo também vogais longas e nasais cujo real status fonológico ainda não é claro para os especialistas.[1] Aui, as palavras Ottawa estão escritas na moderna ortografia da língua, com transcrições fonéticas conforme IPA quando isso se faz necessário.[2]

Consoantes editar

A tabela de consoantes a seguir usa simbologia da moderna ortigrafia e o correspondente símbolo [[IPA}}:[3]

Consoantes Ottawa
Bilabial Dental /
Alveolar 		Postalveolar /
Palatal 		Velar Glotal
Oclusiva Lenis b d g
Fortis p [pːʰ] t [tːʰ] k [kːʰ]
Glotal oclusiva h [ʔ]
Fricativa Lenis z zh [ʒ]
Fortis (f)* s [sː] sh [ʃː]
Africade Lenis j [dʒ]
Fortis ch [tʃːʰ]
Nasal oclusiva m n
Aproximante
(Glide) 		(r)*, (l)* y [j] w

* Os sons f, r, l entre parêntes só ocorrem em palavras de origem inglesa.[4]

Vogais editar

Ottawa apresenta sete vogais Orais, quatro Longas e três Curtas. São quatro as Vogais logas e nasais cujo “status” seja como fonmemas ou como alofones (variantes previsíveis) não é claro.[5] As vogais longas /iː, oː, aː/tem como seus paresa curtos as vogais /i, o, a/,[6] , sendo escritas pela duplicação das letras ii, oo, aa, ficando i, o, acomo representação das vogais curtas. A distinção fonológica entre vogais Longas e Curtas é de suma importância na pronúncia Ottawa, pois somente as vogais curtas podem ter uma métrica fraca e ir para a síncope. Vogais longas, por sua vez, são sempre metricamente fortes e nunca desaparecem na fala.[7]

Vogais orais
Anterior Central Posterior
Fechada ii [iː]
i [ɪ]
Média e [eː] oo [oː]~[uː]
o [ʊ]~[ə]
Aberta aa [ɑː]
a [ə]~[ɑ]

Vejam-se aqui as distinções de significado com o uso de vogais longas:

Vogais nasais longas[8]
Vogal 'Nasal' Exemplo Português
iinh kiwenziinh "homem idoso"
wesiinh "(pequeno) animal"
enh mdimooyenh "mulher idosa"
nzhishenh "meu tio"
aanh bnaajaanh "passarinho"
oonh zhashkoonh "rato-almiscarado"
boodoonh "Girino"

Notas editar

  1. ↑ See e.g. Nichols, John and Earl Nyholm, 1995, for the segmental inventories of Southwestern Ojibwe, and Todd, Evelyn, 1970 for Severn Ojibwe
  2. ↑ See Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 29–32 for a discussion of the relationship between sounds and orthography
  3. ↑ Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 50
  4. ↑ Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xlv, xlvii, liii
  5. ↑ Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, pp. 34–41
  6. ↑ "Rhodes, Richard, 1985, pp. xxxix–xliii"
  7. ↑ Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 54
  8. ↑ Valentine, J. Randolph, 2001, p. 40

Bilbliografia editar

Extensa bibliografia em língua inglesa:

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  • Norris, Mary Jane. 1998. Canada's Aboriginal languages. Canadian Social Trends (Winter): 8–16
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1979. "Some aspects of Ojibwa discourse." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 10th Algonquian Conference, pp. 102–117. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0059-3
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1980. "On the semantics of the instrumental finals in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 11th Algonquian Conference, pp. 183–197. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0076-3
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1981. "On the Semantics of the Ojibwa Verbs of Breaking." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 12th Algonquian Conference, pp. 47–56. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0116-6
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1982. "Algonquian Trade Languages." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 13th Algonquian Conference, pp. 1–10. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0123-9
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1983. "Some Comments on Ojibwa Ethnobotany." W. Cowan, ed., Actes du 14e Congrès des Algonquinistes, pp. 307–320. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0126-3
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1984. "Baseball, Hotdogs, Apple Pie, and Chevrolets." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 15th Algonquian Conference, pp. 373–388. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISBN 0-7709-0165-4
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "Metaphor and Extension in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 16th Algonquian Conference, pp. 161–169. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISSN 0831-5671
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1988. "Ojibwa Politeness and Social Structure." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 19th Algonquian Conference, pp. 165–174. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISSN 0831-5671
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1991. "On the Passive in Ojibwa." W. Cowan, ed., Papers of the 22nd Algonquian Conference, pp. 307–319. Ottawa: Carleton University. ISSN 0031-5671 Erro de parâmetro em {{ISSN}}: ISSN inválido.
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 1998. "The Syntax and Pragmatics of Ojibwe Mii." D. H. Pentland, ed., Papers of the 29th Algonquian Conference, pp. 286–294. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. ISSN 0031-5671 Erro de parâmetro em {{ISSN}}: ISSN inválido.
  • Rhodes, Richard. 2002. "Multiple Assertions, Grammatical Constructions, Lexical Pragmatics, and the Eastern Ojibwe-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary." William Frawley, Kenneth C. Hill, & Pamela Munro, eds., Making Dictionaries: Preserving Indigenous Languages of the Americas, pp. 108–124. Berkeley: University of California Press. 108-124. ISBN 978-0-520-22996-9
  • Rhodes, Richard A. 2004. "Alexander Francis Chamberlain and the language of the Mississaga Indians of Skugog." H.C. Wolfart, ed., Papers of the 35th Algonquian Conference, pp. 363–372. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. ISSN 0031-5671 Erro de parâmetro em {{ISSN}}: ISSN inválido.
  • Rhodes, Richard. 2005. "Directional pre-verbs in Ojibwe and the registration of path." H.C. Wolfart, ed., Papers of the Thirty-sixth Algonquian Conference, pp. 371–382. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. 371-382. ISSN 0831-5671
  • Toulouse, Isadore. 2008. Kidwenan: An Ojibwe language book. Third Edition. Southampton, ON: Ningwakwe Press. ISBN 978-1-896832-96-8
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  • Baraga, Frederic. 1832. Otawa anamie-misinaigan. Detroit: George L. Whitney.
  • Baraga, Frederic. 1878. A Dictionary of the Otchipwe Language, Explained in English. A New edition, by a missionary of the Oblates. Part I, English-Otchipwe; Part II, Otchipwe-English. Montréal: Beauchemin & Valois. Reprint (in one volume), Minneapolis: Ross and Haines, 1966, 1973.
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Referências externas editar

Em língua inglesa:

Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Língua_ottawa&oldid=67250749"