Reuben Fine: diferenças entre revisões

 

== Mestre adolescente ==

 

O primeiro evento de nível Mestre que Fine participou foi o Torneio para Jovens Mestres de 1930, que foi vencido por [[Arthur Dake]]. Ele por pouco perdeu uma partida aposta para o camarada Nova Iorquino [[Arnold Denker]]. Fine terminou em segundo no Campeonato Estadual de Nova York de 1931 com 8/11 atrás de [[Fred Reinfeld]] e venceu o 15º Campeonato do Clube de Xadrez de Frank Marshall com 10.5/13, meio ponto a frente de Reinfeld. Ele derrotou [[Herman Steiner]] por 5.5-4.5 em Nova York em 1932; esta foi a primeira de três partidas que os dois enxadristas viriam a contestar.

 

== Campeonato Aberto dos Estados Unidos ==

Aos 17 anos de idade, Fine venceu o primeiro de sete Campeonatos Abertos dos Estados Unidos em [[Minneapolis]] - 1932 com 9.5/11, meio ponto a frente de [[Samuel Reshevsky]]; este campeonato ficou conhecido como o Aberto do Oestena época. Fine jogou ainda seu primeito torneio internacional de alto nível em [[Pasadena]] - 1932, onde ele dividiu o 7-10º com 5/11; o vencedor foi o Campeão Mundial [[Alexander Alekhine]]. Fine foi novamente campeão no 16º Campeonato do Clube de Xadrez de Frank Marshall, que aconteceu de outubro a dezembro de 1932, com 11.5/13, 2.5 pontos a frente do segundo colocado. Após terminar a [[Faculdade da Cidade de Nova York]] em 1932, aos 18 anos de idade, onde ele foi um um aluno brilhante, ele decidiu tentar a vida como profissional do xadrez por alguns anos.

 

== O brilho olímpico ==

Fine venceu o Torneio de Seleção dos Estados Unidos, Nova York 1933, com 8/10. Isto o garantiu como o primeiro de três lugares no time oara as Olimpíadas de Xadrez. No total, Fine recebeu cinco medalhas (incluindo três medalhas de ouro por equipe) representando os Estados Unidos:

 

 

== Sucesso estadunidense ==

Fine foi novamente Campeão do Aberto dos Estados Unidos, [[Detroit]] - 1933, com 12/13, meio ponto a frente de Reshevsky, campeão do 17º Campeonato do Clube de Xadrez de Frank Marshall, 1933-34, com 9.5/11. Fine dividiu o 1º e 2º lugar do Aberto dos Estados Unidos, [[Chicago]] - 1934, com 7.5/9 com Reshevsky. Ele então dividiu o 1º ao 3º lugar na [[Cidade do México]] - 1934, com 11/12, com [[Herman Steiner]] e [[Arthur Dake]]. Em [[Syracuse]] - 1934, Fine dividiu o 3º-4º lugar, com 10/14, tendo vencido Reshevsky. Fine venceu seu quarto Aberto dos Estados Unidos em [[Milwaukee]] - 1935, marcando 6.5/9 na rodada preliminar e 8/10 nas finais. Tendo um sucesso estrondoso no Estados Unidos, Fine tentou seu primeiro torneio individual Internacional na Europa, em [[Lodz]] - 1935, onde ele dividiu o 2º e 3º lugar com 6/9 atrás de [[Savielly Tartakower]]. Fine venceu em [[Hastings]] 1935-36 com 7.5/9, um ponto a frente de [[Salo Flohr]].

 

== Por pouco perde o Campeonato Americano ==

Embora Fine fosse um ativo e bem sucedido competidor em torneios estadunidenses, ele nunca conseguiu terminar em primeiro o Campeonato Americano de Xadrez, normalmente terminando atrás de seu grande rival, [[Samuel Reshevsky]]. Quando em 1936 Frank Marshall voluntariamente abriu mão do título de Campeão Estadunidense que ele mantia desde 1909, o resultado foi o primeiro Campeonato Americano Estadunidense moderno. Fine marcou 10.5/15, [[Nova York]] - 1936, um apertado 3º e 4º lugar, com Reshevsky vencendo. Em 1938, novamente em Nova York, Fine terminou em 2º com 12.5/16, com Reshevsky novamente campeão. Em 1940 o resultado final se repetiu com Fine marcando 12.5/16 e em 1944, Fine marcou 14.5/17 ficando em 2º, com [[Arnold Denker]] vencendo. Fine conseguiu um impressionante 50/64 na sua quarta tentativa, 78,1% de aproveitamente, mas mesmo assim nunca foi campeão.

 

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== International triumphs ==

However, Fine's international tournament record in the 1930s was superior to Reshevsky's. By the end of 1937, Fine had won a string of strong European international tournaments, and was one of the most successful players in the world. Fine won at [[Oslo]] 1936 with 6.5/7, half a point ahead of Flohr. Fine captured [[Zandvoort]] 1936 with 8.5/11, ahead of [[Max Euwe]], [[Savielly Tartakower]], and [[Paul Keres]]. Fine shared 3rd-5th places at the elite [[Nottingham]] 1936 event with 9.5/14, just half a point behind winners [[Jose Raul Capablanca]] and [[Mikhail Botvinnik]]. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at [[Amsterdam]] 1936 on 5/7 with Euwe, half a point ahead of Alekhine. Fine placed 2nd at [[Hastings]] 1936-37 with 7.5/9, as Alekhine won. The year 1937 would be Fine's most successful. He won at [[Leningrad]] 1937 with 4/5, ahead of [[Grigory Levenfish]], who would win the Soviet Championship that year. Fine won at [[Moscow]] 1937 with 5/7. Those two victories make Fine one of a very few foreigners to win on Russian soil. Fine shared 1st-2nd places at [[Margate]] 1937 with [[Paul Keres]] on 7.5/9, 1.5 points ahead of Alekhine. Fine shared 1st-3rd places at [[Ostend]] 1937 with [[Paul Keres]] and [[Henry Grob]] on 6/9. At [[Stockholm]] 1937, Fine won with 8/9, 1.5 points ahead of [[Gideon Stahlberg]]. Fine then defeated Stahlberg by 5-3 in a match held at [[Goteborg]] 1937. Fine placed 2nd at the elite [[Semmering]]/[[Baden]] 1937 tournament with 8/14, behind [[Paul Keres]]. At Kemeri 1937, Fine had a rare relatively weak result, with just 9/17 for 8th place, as the title was shared by Reshevsky, Flohr, and [[Vladimirs Petrovs]]. Fine shared 4-5th places at [[Hastings]] 1937-38 with 6/9 as Reshevsky won.

 

== AVRO showdown ==

In 1938, Fine tied for first place with [[Paul Keres]] in the prestigious [[AVRO tournament]] in the [[Netherlands]], on 8.5/14, with Keres placed first on tiebreak. This was one of the most famous tournaments of the 20th century, and some believe to this day that it is the strongest tournament ever staged. It was organized with the hope that the winner of AVRO, a double [[round-robin tournament]], would be the next challenger to world champion [[Alexander Alekhine]]. Fine finished ahead of future champion [[Mikhail Botvinnik]], current champion Alekhine, former world champions [[Max Euwe]] and Capablanca, and Grandmasters Samuel Reshevsky and [[Salo Flohr]]. Fine won both of his games against Alekhine.

 

== Wartime years ==

As [[World War II]] interrupted any prospects for a world championship match, Fine turned to chess writing. In 1941 he wrote ''Basic Chess Endings'', a compendium of [[endgame]] analysis which, more than 60 years later, is still considered one of the best works on this subject. His ''The Ideas Behind the Chess Openings'', though badly dated, is still useful for grasping the underlying ideas of many standard [[chess opening]]s. During World War II Fine worked for the [[U.S. Navy]], performing the [[Gravity's Rainbow|Pynchonesque]] task of calculating the probability of German [[submarine|U-boats]] surfacing at certain points in the water. Fine also worked as a translator.

 

 

== After the war ==

As the war ended in late 1945, Fine was working on his doctorate in psychology. Once he completed this, he again played some competitive chess. He won at New York 1948 with 8/9, ahead of [[Miguel Najdorf]], [[Max Euwe]], and [[Herman Pilnik]]. Fine drew a match by 4-4 against Najdorf at New York 1949. He participated in the 1950 radio match USA vs Yugoslavia, drawing his game. Fine was named an [[International Grandmaster]] in 1950, on the inaugural list from the FIDE, the [[World Chess Federation]]. His last significant tournament was the [[Maurice Wertheim]] Memorial at New York 1951, where he scored 7/11 for 4th, as Reshevsky won.

 

== 1948 World Championship ==

After Alekhine died in 1946, [[Fédération Internationale des Échecs|FIDE]] (the world chess organization) organized a [[World Chess Championship]] tournament to determine the new champion. As co-winner in the AVRO tournament, Fine was invited to participate, but he declined, for reasons that are the subject of speculation. Fine had played a third match against [[Herman Steiner]] at [[Los Angeles]] 1947, winning 5-1; this match was training for his potential world championship appearance.

 

 

== Lifetime scores against top players ==

Fine had a relatively short career in top-level chess, but scored very impressively against top players. He faced five World Champions: [[Emanuel Lasker]] (+1 =0 -0); [[Jose Raul Capablanca]] (+0 =5 -0); [[Alexander Alekhine]] (+3 =4 -2); [[Max Euwe]] (+2 =3 -2); and [[Mikhail Botvinnik]] (+1 =2 -0). His main American rivals were [[Samuel Reshevsky]] (+3 =12 -4); [[Herman Steiner]] (+16 =4 -4); [[Isaac Kashdan]] (+4 =2 -0); [[Albert Simonson]] (+4 =0 -1); [[Al Horowitz]] (+9 =6 -1); [[Arnold Denker]] (+4 =2 -3, but incomplete); [[Fred Reinfeld]] (+2 =1 -0); and [[Arthur Dake]] (a shocking +1 =3 -6). Internationally, Fine faced the best of his time, and usually more than held his own, with three exceptions. He struggled against [[Paul Keres]] (+1 =8 -3); [[Milan Vidmar]] (+0 =2 -1); and [[Isaac Boleslavsky]] (+0 =1 -1). But he handled everyone else: [[Miguel Najdorf]] (+3 =4 -3); [[Savielly Tartakower]] (+2 =4 -1); [[Salo Flohr]] (+2 =7 -0); [[Grigory Levenfish]] (+1 =0 -0); [[George Alan Thomas]] (+2 =3 -0); [[Erich Eliskases]] (+1 =2 -0); [[Viacheslav Ragozin]] (+1 =1 -0); [[Vladimirs Petrovs]] (+2 =1 -1); [[Efim Bogolyubov]] (+1 =1 -0); [[Jan Foltys]] (+2 =0 -0); [[Salo Landau]] (+4 -0 =1); [[George Koltanowski]] (+2 =1 -0); [[Igor Bondarevsky]] (+1 =0 -0); [[Geza Maroczy]] (+1 =0 -0); [[William Winter]] (+4 =0 -0); [[Ernst Gruenfeld]] (+1 =0 -0); [[Gideon Stahlberg]] (+4 =4 -2); [[Andor Lilienthal]] (+1 =0 -0); [[Laszlo Szabo]] (+0 =1 -0); [[Vladas Mikenas]] (+1 =1 -0); [[Rudolph Spielmann]] (+0 =1 -0); and [[Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander]] (+1 =3 -0). Finally, against the new generation of American masters which emerged in the late 1940s, Fine proved he could still perform well: [[Arthur Bisguier]] (+1 =1 -0); [[Larry Evans]] (+0 =1 -0); [[George Kramer]] (+1 =1 -0); and [[Robert Byrne]] (+0 =1 -0).

 

== Top ten for eight years ==

Although FIDE, the [[World Chess Federation]], did not formally introduce chess ratings for international play until 1970, it is nevertheless possible to retrospectively rate players' performances from before that time. The site [[chessmetrics]].com, which specializes in historical ratings throughout chess history, ranks Fine in the world's top ten players for more than eight years, from March 1936 until October 1942, and then again from January 1949 until December 1950. Between those two periods, he was less active as a player, so his ranking dropped. Fine was #1 in the world from October 1940 until March 1941, was in the top three from December 1938 until June 1942, and reached his peak rating of 2762 in July 1941. However, chessmetrics.com is missing several of Fine's major events from its database.

 

Regardless, after receiving his [[doctorate]] in psychology from the [[University of Southern California]], Fine abandoned professional chess to concentrate on his new profession. Fine continued playing chess casually throughout his life (including a friendly game played in 1963 against [[Bobby Fischer]], which is included in Fischer's ''My Sixty Memorable Games''). In 1956 he wrote an article, "Psychoanalytic Observations on Chess and Chess Masters," for a psychological journal. Later, Fine turned the article into a book, ''The Psychology of the Chess Player'', in which he provided insights steeped in [[Sigmund Freud|Freudian]] theory. (Fine is not the first person to examine the mind as it relates to chess&mdash;[[Alfred Binet]], the inventor of the [[Intelligence quotient|IQ test]], had studied the mental functionality of good chess players, and found that they often had enhanced mental traits, such as a good memory.) He went on to publish ''A History of Psychoanalysis'' (1979) and a number of other books on psychology. Like many psychoanalysts of his day, Fine believed that [[homosexuality]] could be [[Reparative therapy|"cured"]], and his opinions on the subject were cited in legal battles over homosexuality, including the legislative battle over [[same-sex marriage]] in [[Hawaii]]. Fine served as a visiting professor at CCNY, the [[University of Amsterdam]], the [[Lowell]] Institute of Technology, and the [[University of Florence]]. Fine founded the Creative Living Center in New York City.

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== Jogos Notáveis ==

 

== Livros de xadrez ==

 

== Livros de psicologia ==

 

 

* Aidan Woodger: ''Reuben Fine: A Comprehensive Record of an American Chess Career, 1929-1951'', McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson 2004.

 

* {{Bio-Chessgames|id=20102}}

 

 

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