|
|nome=Tin Whistle
|nomes=Pennywhistle, também chamada de Whistle.
|imagem=Tin Whistles.jpg
|imagemlegenda =[[Ficheiro:Tin Whistles.jpg|thumb|250px|Alguns tipos de Tin Whistle afinadas em Ré. <br><br>Da esquerda para a direita: <br>Clarke Sweetone <br>Shaw (personalizada) <br>O'Brien <br>Reyburn <br>Generation (personalizada) <br>Copeland <br>Overton]]
|classe=[[Madeiras]], [[Instrumento de sopro|Sopro]]
|extensão=Duas [[oitava]]s
}}
'''''Tin Whistle''''', também conhecida como '''''Pennywhistle''''' é uma pequena [[flauta]] de [[metal]] (geralmente [[cobre]], [[latão]] ou [[estanho]]) ocasionalmente também de [[madeira (material)|madeira]], muito usada na [[música celta]], [[música medieval|medieval]] e [[escócia|escocesa]].
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== History ==
The penny whistle in its modern form stems from a wider family of [[Fipple|fipple flute]]s that have been seen many forms and cultures throughout the world. In Europe such instruments that have a long and distinguished history and take various forms; most widely known of these are the [[recorder]], tin whistle, [[Flabiol]], [[Txistu]] and [[Pipe and tabor|tabor pipe]].
Almost all primitive cultures had a type of fipple flute and is most likely the first pitched flute-type instrument in existence.<ref>The tin whistle tutor Edition: 3 - 1991 By Michael Raven</ref> The oldest example includes of a [[Neanderthal]] fipple flute from [[Slovenia]] dates from 53 000-81 000 B.C., <ref>The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle By Grey Larsen</ref><ref>The Neanderthal Flute, Crosscurrents #183 1997 Greenwich Publishing Canada</ref><ref>The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref> a German flute from 35 000 years ago, and flute made from sheeps bone in [[West Yorkshire]] dating to the [[Iron Age]].<ref>The Malham Iron-Age Pipe, by A. Raistrick, Professor Spaul and Eric Todd © 1952</ref> Written sources that describe a fipple type-flute include the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] and [[Greece|Greek]] aulos and tibia. In the early middle ages peoples of northern Europe were playing the instrument as seen in 3rd-century [[United Kingdom|British]] bone flutes,<ref>English Medieval Bone Flutes c.450 - c.1550 AD. By Helen Leaf</ref> and Irish [[Brehon Law]] describes flute like instrument. By the 12th century Italian flutes came in a variety of sizes,<ref>The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder John Mansfield, Thomson et al, 1995 Cambridge</ref><ref>Performance practice: a dictionary-guide for musicians By Roland John Jackson</ref> and fragments of 12th-century Norman bone whistles have been found in [[Ireland]], and an intact 14cm Tusculum clay whistle from the 14th century in [[Scotland]]. In the 17th century whistles were called flageolets; a term to describe a whistle with a French made fipple headpiece (common to the modern penny whistle) and such instruments are linked to the development of the English flageolet, French flageolet and recorders of the [[renaissance]] and [[baroque]] period.<ref>Whistler's Pocket Companion By Dona Gilliam, Mizzy McCaskill</ref> The term flageolet is still preferred by some modern tin whistle makers as this characterises a wide variety of fipple flutes, including penny whistles, who feel this better describes the instrument.<ref>Mel Bays Complete Irish Tin Whistle Book By Mizzy McCaskill, Dona Gilliam</ref><ref>The tin whistle tutor Edition: 3 - 1991 By Michael Raven</ref>
===Modern Tin Whistle===
The modern penny whistle is indigenous to the [[British Isles]]<ref>Mel Bays Complete Irish Tin Whistle Book By Mizzy McCaskill, Dona Gilliam</ref> particularly [[England]]<ref>Mel Bays Complete Irish Tin Whistle Book By Mizzy McCaskill, Dona Gilliam</ref> when factory-made "tin whistles" were produced by Robert Clarke (1840 - 1882) in [[Manchester]] and later New Moston, [[England]]. Up to 1900, they were also marketed as "Clarke London Flageolets" or "Clarke Flageolets".<ref name="Dannatt">Dannatt</ref> The whistle's [[fingering]] system is similar to that of the six hole, "[[Irish flute|simple system English flutes]]" ("simple" in comparison to [[Boehm system]] flutes). The six hole, diatonic system is also used on [[baroque music|baroque]] flutes, and was of course well known before Robert Clarke began producing his tin whistles circa 1843. Clarke's first whistle, the Meg, was pitched in high A and was later made in other keys suitable for Victorian parlour music. The company showed the whistles in [[The Great Exhibition]] of 1851.<ref name="DannattCollection">{{cite web
| author=Dannatt, Norman
| title=Antique Clarke whistle collection
| url=http://www.chiffandfipple.com/normanscollection.htm
| dateformat=dmy | accessdate=10 July 2006
}}</ref> The Clark tin whistle is voiced somewhat on an organ-pipe with a flattened tube forming the lip of the fipple mouthpiece<ref>The Oxford companion to musical instruments By Anthony Baines</ref> and is usually made from rolled tin sheet or brass. Manufactured tin whistles became available no earlier than 1840, and were mass produced and widespread due to their relative affordability.
As the penny whistle was generally considered a toy<ref> The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref> it has been suggested that a children or street musicians were paid a penny from those who heard them playing the whistle. However in reality the instrument was so-called when it could be purchased for a penny.<ref>The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref> Clarke whistles were sold for a nominal fee (a British penny<ref>The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref>) and the acquired names of penny and tin whistle have endured to modern times. The word "tin-whistle" was also coined as early as 1825.<ref name="OED">[[Oxford English Dictionary]] [http://www.oed.com/ online edition]</ref> but neither tin whistle or penny whistle word seems to have been common until the 20th century.<ref name="OldReference">The words "tin whistle" and "pennywhistle" in any [[English compound|compound form]] do not generally appear in early-20th-century dictionaries, encyclopedias, or thesauri.</ref> The instrument became popular in several musical traditions namely; [[Folk music of England|English]] <ref>The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle By Grey Larsen</ref>, [[American folk music|American]] <ref>The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle By Grey Larsen</ref>, [[Music of Scotland|Scottish]] <ref>The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref> and [[Folk music of Ireland|Irish]] traditional music. <ref>The Essential Guide to Irish Flute and Tin Whistle By Grey Larsen</ref> The tin whistle due to its relative cheapness was a popular household instrument and was as ubiquitous as the harmonica.<ref>The Clarke Tin Whistle By Bill Ochs</ref> In the second half of the 19th century, some flute manufacturers such as Barnett Samuel and Joseph Wallis also sold whistles. These had a cylindrical brass tube. Like many old whistles, they had [[lead]] fipple plugs, and since lead is [[lead poisoning|poisonous]], caution should be exercised before playing an old whistle.
The Generation whistle was introduced in the first half of the 20th century, and also featured a brass tube with a lead fipple plug. The design was updated somewhat over the years, most notably the substitution of a plastic fipple for the lead plug design.
While whistles have most often been produced in higher pitches, the [[Tin whistle#Low whistles|"low" whistle]] is not unknown historically. The Museum of Fine Arts, [[Boston]] has in its collection an example of a 19th-century low whistle from the famous Galpin collection.<ref name="MFABoston">{{cite web | author= | title=Duct flute | work=Leslie Lindsey Mason Collection, Ex. coll. Francis W. Galpin | url=http://www.mfa.org/collections/search_art.asp?recview=true&id=50378&coll_keywords=&coll_accession=&coll_name=&coll_artist=&coll_place=&coll_medium=&coll_culture=&coll_classification=&coll_credit=&coll_provenance=&coll_location=&coll_has_images=&coll_on_view=&coll_sort=0&coll_sort_order=0&coll_package=10105&coll_start=21 | dateformat=dmy |accessdate=16 January 2006 }}</ref> During the 1960s revival of traditional Irish music the low whistle was "recreated" by Bernard Overton at the request of [[Finbar Furey]].<ref name="LowWhistleBook">Hannigan and Ledsam</ref>
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== Características ==
* | = Divisor dos oríficios de digitação
* : = Divisor entre embocadura e ínicio da digitação
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== Notation ==
Tin whistle music collections are generally notated in one of three different formats.
=== Standard musical notation ===
It is common to score music for the whistle using standard [[musical notation]]. The tin whistle is not a [[transposing instrument]] - for example, music for the D tin whistle is written in concert pitch, not transposed down a tone as would be normal for transposing instruments. Nevertheless, there is no real consensus on how tin whistle music should be written, or on how reading music onto the whistle should be taught. However, when music is scored for a soprano whistle it will be written an octave lower than it sounds, so avoiding use of [[ledger lines]] and making it much easier to read.
The traditional music of Ireland and Scotland constitutes the majority of published scores for the whistle.<ref name="DmozTC">See, for example, the Open Directory's [http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Music/Instruments/Winds/Tin_Whistle/Tune_Collections/ Tin whistle tune collections] or the books published by [http://www.dmoz.org/Shopping/Music/Instruments/Winds/Tin_Whistle/ online stores catering to tin whistle players].</ref> Since the majority of that music is written in D major, G major, or one of the corresponding musical modes, use of the D major or G major key signatures is a ''[[de facto]]'' standard. For example, the "C whistle" edition of Bill Ochs's popular ''The Clarke Tin Whistle Handbook'' is scored in D and differs from the D edition only in that the accompanying audio CD is played on a C whistle.<ref name="OchsTutor">Ochs</ref>
Reading directly onto the C whistle is popular for the obvious reason that its ''home key'' or ''name key'' is the ''all-natural'' major key ([[C major]]). Some musicians are encouraged to learn to read directly onto one whistle, while others are taught to read directly onto another.
The whistle player who wants music to read on to all whistles will need to learn the mechanics of written [[transposition (music)|transposition]], taking music with one [[key signature]] and rewriting it with another.
=== Tablature ===
[[Tablature]] notation for the tin whistle is a graphical representation of which tone holes the player should cover. The most common format is a vertical column of six circles, with holes to be covered for a given note shown filled with black, and a plus sign (+) at the top for notes in the second octave. Tablature is most commonly found in tutorial books for beginners.
=== Tonic solfa ===
The [[Solfege|tonic solfa]] is found in Ireland and possibly Wales,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} especially in schools. Many schools have printed sheets with tunes notated in tonic solfa, although in Ireland more have teaching by rote. With the availability of good standard notation tutor books, teaching is possibly moving in this direction.{{Or|date=September 2007}}
=== Abc notation ===
Since the majority of popular tin whistle music is traditional and out of copyright, it is common to share tune collections on the [[Internet]].<ref name="DmozTunes">Open Directory</ref> [[Abc notation]] is the most common means of electronic exchange of tunes. It is also designed to be easy to read by people, and many musicians learn to read it directly instead of using a computer program to transform it into a standard musical notation score.
== Well-known performers ==
; In Irish traditional music
{{see also|List of All-Ireland Champions}}
In 1973, [[Paddy Moloney]] (of [[The Chieftains]]) and [[Sean Potts]] released ''Tin Whistles,'' which helped to popularise the tin whistle in particular and [[Irish music]] in general. [[Mary Bergin]]'s ''Feadóga Stáin'' (1979) and ''Feadóga Stáin 2'' (1993) were similarly influential.
Other notable players include [[Carmel Gunning]], [[Micho Russell]], [[Cherish The Ladies|Joanie Madden]], [[Flook (band)|Brian Finnegan]], and [[Seán Ryan (Irish fiddler)|Seán Ryan]]. Many traditional pipers and flute players also play the whistle to a high standard. [[James Galway]], the classical flautist, is also an outstanding whistler.
; In Scottish traditional music
Award winning singer and musician [[Julie Fowlis]] has recorded several tracks on the tin whistle, both in her solo work and with the band [[Dòchas]].
; In kwela
[[Jack Lerole|Aaron "Big Voice Jack" Lerole]] and his band recorded a single called "Tom Hark" which sold five million copies worldwide and was used as the theme song for the [[BBC]] series ''The Killing Stones''. But the most famous star of the kwela era was [[Spokes Mashiyane]].<ref name="Schaldach" /> [[Paul Simon|Paul Simon's]] 1986 album [[Graceland (album)|Graceland]] draws heavily on South African music and includes pennywhistle solos in the traditional style.
; In popular music
The low whistle rose to public prominence thanks to its use by [[Davy Spillane]] in the stage show [[Riverdance]] (1995) and [[Tony Hinnigan]] on the [[soundtrack]] to the 1997 film ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]''.
Certain Irish [[Punk rock|punk]] bands use the tin whistle as well. Examples include [[The Cranberries]], [[The Tossers]], [[Dropkick Murphys]], [[Bridget Regan]] from [[Flogging Molly]] and most notably, [[Spider Stacy]] (of [[The Pogues]]).
[[Andrea Corr]] from Irish pop/rock band [[The Corrs]] plays the tin whistle. [[Leroi Moore]] from the American/pop band the Dave Matthews Band played the tin whistle in a few of the songs in the band's repertoire.
[[Bob Hallett]] of the Canadian folk rock group [[Great Big Sea]] is also a renowned performer of the tin whistle, playing it during both traditional and original material.
Icelandic post-rock band [[Sigur Rós]] made use of the tin whistle in their song Hafsól when one of the members played a solo at the end.
[[Barry Privett]] of the Virginia based rock band [[Carbon Leaf]] performs several songs using the tin whistle.
[[The Unicorns]] use the penny whistle in the song Sea Ghost
[[Paul Simon]] featured a pennywhistle solo in [[You Can Call Me Al]]
; In jazz
[[Steve Buckley]], a British [[jazz]] musician is known to have used the penny whistle as a serious instrument. His whistle playing can be heard on recordings with [[Loose Tubes]], [[Django Bates]] and his album with [[Chris Batchelor]] Life As We Know It. [[Les Lieber]] is a celebrated American Jazz Tinwhistle player. Lieber has played with [[Paul Whiteman]]'s Band and also with the [[Benny Goodman]] Sextet. Lieber made a record with [[Django Reinhardt]] in the AFN Studios in [[Paris]] in the post Second World War era and started an event called "Jazz at Noon" every Friday in a [[New York]] restaurant playing with a nucleus of advertising men, doctors, lawyers, and business executives who had been or could have been jazz musicians. Howard Johnson has also been known to play this instrument.
; In television
In [[Star Trek: The Next Generation]] the tin whistle called "The Ressikan Flute", is played by [[Jean-Luc Picard]] in the episodes titled [[The Inner Light (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|The Inner Light]], [[Fistful of Datas|A Fistful of Datas]], and [[Lessons (Star Trek: The Next Generation)|Lessons]].
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== Modelos ==
* [[Andrea Corr]] – vocalista do grupo musical irlandês [[The Corrs]];
* [[Ian Anderson]] - flautista, vocalista, compositor e líder da banda de rock [[Jethro Tull]].
* [[Sevan Kirder]] - Flautista do grupo musical [[Red Shamrock ]] [[Sevan Kirder]] ex integrante do grupo suiço [[Eluveitie]]
== {{Ver Também}} ==
* [[Flauta irlandesa]]
* [[Música celta]]
* [[Flauta]]
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