Robert E. Lee: diferenças entre revisões
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'''Robert Edward Lee''' (Stratford Hall, [[
Filho do oficial [[Revolução Americana|revolucionário de guerra]] [[Henry Lee III|Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee III]], e um oficial de topo da [[Academia Militar dos Estados Unidos]], Robert E. Lee destacou-se como um oficial excepcional, e como [[Pioneiro (militar)|pioneiro]] e [[sapador]], do [[Exército dos Estados Unidos]] durante 32 anos. Ao longo destes anos, prestou serviço por todo o país, destacando-se na [[Guerra Mexicano-Americana]], e serviu como Superintendente da Academia Militar.
Quando o estado da Virgínia declarou a sua separação da [[União (Guerra Civil Americana)|União]] em Abril de 1861, Lee decidiu escolher o seu estado-natal, apesar do seu desejo pessoal de o estado se manter intacto, e apesar do facto de o Presidente [[Abraham Lincoln]] ter oferecido a Lee o comando do [[Exército da União]].<ref name="test">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/robert-e-lee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Cseverest-struggle%E2%80%9D Elizabeth Brown Pryor] "Robert E. Lee's "Severest Struggle,"" ''American Heritage'', Winter 2008.</ref> Durante a Guerra Civil, Lee serviu como conselheiro militar sénior do [[Presidente dos Estados Confederados dos Estados Unidos|Presidente]] [[Jefferson Davis]]. Depressa ascendeu como estratega astuto e comandante de campo de batalha, vencendo várias batalhas contra exércitos da União muito superiores. As suas capacidades tácticas foram destacadas por muitos historiadores militares.<ref>Josiah Bunting, ''Ulysses S. Grant'' (2004) p. 62</ref><ref>Jay Luvaas, "Lee and the Operational Art: The Right Place, the Right Time," ''Parameters: US Army War College,'' Sept 1992, Vol. 22#3 pp 2-18</ref> No entanto, a visão estratégica de Lee não era tão boa, e ambas as suas principais ofensivas no Norte, terminaram em derrota.<ref>McPherson, ''Battle Cry'' pp 538 e 650</ref><ref>Stephen W. Sears, "'We Should Assume the Aggressive': Origins of the Gettysburg Campaign," ''North and South: The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society,'' March 2002, Vol. 5#4 pp 58–66</ref><ref>David J Eicher, ''The Longest Night: A Military History of the Civil War'' (2001) p 462</ref> Union General [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s campaigns bore down on the Confederacy in 1864 and 1865, e apesar de ter infligido pesadas baixas, Lee não conseguiu virar o rumo da guerra para o seu lado. Por fim, render-se-ia a Grant em [[Batalha de Appomattox Court House|Appomattox Court House]], a 19 de Abril de 1865. Por esta altura, Lee já tinha assumido o comando supremo dos restantes exércitos do Sul; as outras forças confederadas depressa se renderam após a rendição de Lee. Este recusou a proposta de uma rebelião sustentável contra o Norte, e pediu a reconciliação dos dois lados.
Depois da guerra, como Presidente da, actual, [[Universidade de Washington e Lee]], Lee apoiou o programa do Presidente [[Andrew Johnson]] de [[Reconstrução dos Estados Unidos|Reconstrução]], enquanto se opunha às propostas dos [[Radical Republicano|radicais republicanos]] de dar o direito de voto aos escravos libertados, e tirar esse direito aos ex-confederados. Pediu-lhes para repensarem a sua posição entre o Norte e o Sul, e a reintegração de antigos confederados na vida política do país. Lee tornou-se o grande herói do Sul, um ícone do pós-guerra da "[[Lost Cause of the Confederacy]]" para alguns. Mas a sua popularidade cresceu no Norte, em especial após a sua morte em 1870. Lee permanece uma figura icónica da liderança militar americana.<ref name="Ross">[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/unlocking-history-treasures-robert-e-lee-discovered John F. Ross] "Unlocking History: Treasures of Robert E. Lee Discovered," ''American Heritage'', Winter 2008.</ref>
[[File:Robert E Lee Stain Glass.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Stained glass]] of Lee's life in the [[National Cathedral]], depicting his time at West Point, his service in the Army Corps of Engineers, the [[Battle of Chancellorsville]], and his death]]
[[File:Farewell address Robert E Lee.jpg|thumb|Farewell address by Lee to the [[Army of Northern Virginia]], [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Court House]], Virginia, April 10, 1865]]
==Biografia==
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Após a guerra, Lee não foi preso ou punido, mas ele perdeu o direito de votar, assim como alguns bens, Em 28 de setembro de 1870, Lee sofreu um [[acidente vascular cerebral]]. Ele morreu duas semanas mais tarde, pouco depois das 9 horas em 12 de outubro de 1870, em [[Lexington]], [[Virgínia]], ele foi enterrado debaixo da Capela Lee em [[Washington and Lee University]],<ref>{{findagrave|615}}</ref> onde seu corpo até hoje lá permanece. Robert Edward Lee permanece, até os dias de hoje, entre os mais respeitados militares americanos.
== Bibliografia ==▼
* {{Citar livro|autor=Connelly, Thomas Lawrence |título=The Marble Man: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American society |subtítulo= |idioma=[[Língua inglesa|Inglês]] |edição= |local=[[Nova Iorque]] |editora=[[Alfred A. Knopf]] |ano=1977 |páginas= |volumes= |isbn=0-394-47179-2 }}▼
* {{Citar livro|autor=Michael Fellman |título=The Making of Robert E. Lee |subtítulo= |idioma=[[Língua inglesa|Inglês]] |edição= |local= |editora=[[Random House]] |ano=2000 |páginas= |volumes= |isbn=0-679-45650-3 }}▼
{{Referências}}
{{Wikisource|Lee at Fredericksburg}}
* {{Cite book|first=John W.|last=Blassingame|title=Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|date=Julho de 1977|isbn=0-8071-0273-3|ref=harv}}
▲* {{
* {{Cite book|first1=William C.|last1=Davis|last2=|first2= C.|last3=|first3=|title=The Commanders of the Civil War|publisher=Salamander Books Ltd|location=London|year=1999|isbn=1-84065-105-9|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first1=William C.|last1=Davis|last2=Pohanka|first2=Brian C.|last3=Troiani|first3=Don|title=Civil War Journal, The Leaders|publisher=Rutledge Hill Press|year=1997|isbn=0-517-22193-4|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=John H.|last=Eicher|coauthors=Eicher, David J.|title=Civil War High Commands|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2001|isbn=0-8047-3641-3|ref=harv}}
▲* {{
* {{Cite book|first=Douglas S.|last=Freeman|authorlink=Douglas S. Freeman|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/People/Robert_E_Lee/FREREL/home.html|title=R. E. Lee, A Biography|publisher=[[Charles Scribner's Sons]]|year=1934 |ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=J. F. C.|last=Fuller|authorlink=J. F. C. Fuller|title=Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|year=1957|isbn=0-253-13400-5|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first1=Nathaniel C., Jr.|last1=Hughes|last2=Liddell|first2=St. John R.|title=Liddell's Record|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8071-2218-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=Edmund Jennings|last=Lee|title=Lee of Virginia 1642–1892|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company|year=1983|isbn=0-8063-0604-1|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book |first=Robert Edward|last=Lee|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2323|year=2000|title=Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee|publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=Alan T.|last=Nolan|title=Lee Considered: General Robert E. Lee and Civil War History|publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|year=1991|isbn=0-8078-4587-6|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=James M.|last=McPherson|title=Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief|publisher=[[Penguin Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1440652455|ref=harv}}
* Pryor, Elizabeth Brown (29 de Outubro de 2009). [http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Lee_Robert_Edward_ca_1806-1870 "Robert Edward Lee (ca. 1806-1870)"]. [http://encyclopediavirginia.org/ Encyclopedia Virginia]. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
* {{Cite book|first=Emory M.|last=Thomas|title=Robert E. Lee|publisher=[[W.W. Norton & Co.]]|year=1995|isbn=978-0-393-31631-5|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|first=Ezra J.|last=Warner|title=Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders|publisher=[[Louisiana State University Press]]|year=1959|isbn=0-8071-0823-5|ref=harv}}
===Biografias===
* Blount, Roy, Jr. ''Robert E. Lee'', Penguin Putnam, 2003. 210 pp., short popular biography, ISBN 0-670-03220-4.
* Carmichael, Peter S., ed. ''Audacity Personified: The Generalship of Robert E. Lee'' Louisiana State University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8071-2929-1.
* Connelly, Thomas L. "Robert E. Lee and the Western Confederacy: A Criticism of Lee's Strategic Ability." ''Civil War History'' 15 (June 1969): 116–32.
* Cooke, John E., ''A Life of General Robert E. Lee'', [[Kessinger Publishing]], 2004.
* Dowdey, Clifford. ''Lee'' 1965.
* Fellman, Michael (2000). ''The Making of Robert E. Lee''. New York: Random House (ISBN 0-679-45650-3).
* Fishwick, Marshall W. ''Lee after the War'' 1963.
* Flood, Charles Bracelen. ''Lee — The Last Years'' 1981.
* Freeman, Douglas Southall. ''Lee'' (4 vols, 1935); abridged one-volume edition, edited by Richard Harwell (1961); the standard biography
* Gallagher, Gary W. ''Lee the Soldier'' (University of Nebraska Press, 1996)
* Nolan, Alan T. ''Lee Considered'', University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC (1991)
* Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. ''Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters.'' New York: Viking, 2007.
* Smith, Eugene O. ''Lee and Grant: a Dual Biography'', McGraw-Hill, New York (1991)
* [[Emory M. Thomas|Thomas, Emory]]. ''Robert E. Lee'', W.W. Norton & Co., 1995 (ISBN 0-393-03730-4) full-scale scholarly biography
===Campanhas militares===
* Bonekemper, III, Edward H. ''How Robert E. Lee Lost the Civil War.'' Sergeant Kirkland's Press, Fredericksburg, Virginia. 1997. ISBN 1-887901-15-9
* Bowden, Scott and Ward, Bill. ''Last Chance For Victory: Robert E. Lee And The Gettysburg Campaign.'' DaCapo Press, 2003.
* Brown, Kent Masterson. ''Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
* Cagney, James. "Animations of the Campaigns of Robert E. Lee" [http://civilwaranimated.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=28&Itemid=42 Click Here for the Animations] (2008)
* Cavanaugh, Michael A., and William Marvel, ''The Petersburg Campaign: The Battle of the Crater: "The Horrid Pit", June 25 – August 6, 1864'' (1989)
* Davis, William C. ''Death in the Trenches: Grant at Petersburg'' (1986).
* Dowdey, Clifford. ''The Seven Days'' 1964.
* Dugard, Martin. ''The Training Ground: Grant, Lee, Sherman, and Davis in the Mexican War, 1846–1848'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0803228120/excerto e procura de texto]
* [[Douglas S. Freeman|Freeman, Douglas S.]], ''Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command'' (3 volumes), Scribners, 1946, ISBN 0-684-85979-3.
* [[J. F. C. Fuller|Fuller, Maj. Gen. J. F. C.]], ''Grant and Lee, A Study in Personality and Generalship'', Indiana University Press, 1957, ISBN 0-253-13400-5.
* Glatthaar, Joseph T. ''General Lee's Army: From Victory to Collapse'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1416596976/ excerto e procura de texto]
* Grimsley, Mark, ''And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June 1864'' University of Nebraska Press, 2002.
* Harmon, Troy D. ''Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg'' Stackpole Books, 2001
* Harsh, Joseph L. ''Taken at the Flood: Robert E. Lee and Confederate Strategy in the Maryland Campaign of 1862'' (Kent State University Press, 1999)
* Johnson, R. U., and Buel, C. C., eds., ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War''. 4 vols. New York, 1887–88; essays by leading generals of both sides; [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm online edition]
* {{cite book|last=Konstam |first=Angus |last2=Bryan |first2=Tony |title=Confederate Blockade Runner 1861-65 |ref=Konstam |publisher=<br />Osprey Publishing, Wisconsin |page=48 |year=2004}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=pO8VeEgAk0QC&source=gbs_navlinks_s Url]
* McWhiney, Grady, ''Battle in the Wilderness: Grant Meets Lee'' (1995)
* Maney, R. Wayne, ''Marching to Cold Harbor. Victory and Failure, 1864'' (1994).
* Marvel, William. ''Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
* Matter, William D. ''If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania'' (1988)
* Miller, J. Michael. ''The North Anna Campaign: "Even to Hell Itself", May 21–26, 1864'' (1989).
* Rafuse, Ethan S. ''Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863–1865'' (2008) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_o2reCbwhscC&dq=intitle:Robert+intitle:E+intitle:Lee+intitle:and+intitle:The+intitle:Fall+intitle:of+intitle:the+intitle:Confederacy&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0 excerto e procura de texto]
* Rhea, Gordon C. and Chris E. Heisey. ''In the Footsteps of Grant and Lee: The Wilderness Through Cold Harbor'' (2007)
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battle of the Wilderness May 5–6, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1994, ISBN 0-8071-1873-7.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''The Battles for Spotsylvania Court House and the Road to Yellow Tavern May 7–12, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8071-2136-3.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''To the North Anna River: Grant and Lee, May 13–25, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8071-2535-0.
* Rhea, Gordon C. ''Cold Harbor: Grant and Lee, May 26 – June 3, 1864'', Louisiana State University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-8071-2803-1.
===Historiografia e legado===
* Adams, Michael C. C. "Robert E. Lee and Perspective over Time," ''Civil War History'' v. 49#1 (2003) pp 64–70
* Connelly, Thomas L., "The Image and the General: Robert E. Lee in American Historiography." Civil War History 19 (March 1973): 50–64.
* Connelly, Thomas L., ''The Marble Man. Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.
* Fulmer, Hal W. "Southern Clerics and the Passing of Lee: Mythic Rhetoric and the Construction of a Sacred Symbol," ''Southern Communication Journa'' l55 (1990): 355-71
* Gallagher, Gary W. ''Lee and His Army in Confederate History.'' University of North Carolina Press, 2001
* Gallagher, Gary W. ''Lee and His Generals in War and Memory'' (1998).
* McCaslin, Richard B. ''Lee in the Shadow of Washington.'' Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
* McPherson, James M., and William J. Cooper, Jr., eds. ''Writing the Civil War: The Quest to Understand'' (University of South Carolina Press, 1998)
* Reid, Brian Holden. ''Robert E. Lee: Icon for a Nation'', London: [[Weidenfeld & Nicolson]], 2005.
* Ross, Michael A. "The Commemoration of Robert E. Lee's Death and the Obstruction of Reconstruction in New Orleans," ''Civil War History,'' Volume 51#2 June 2005, pp. 135–150 {{doi|10.1353/cwh.2005.0032}}
===Fontes primárias===
* Dowdey, Clifford. and Louis H. Manarin, eds. ''The Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee.'' (1961).
* Freeman, Douglas Southall. ed. ''Unpublished Letters of General Robert E. Lee, C.S.A. to Jefferson Davis and the War Department of the Confederate States of America, 1862–65''. Rev. ed. with foreword by Grady McWhiney. (1957).
* Lee, Robert E. ''Recollections and Letters of General Robert E. Lee'' (2008 edition) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0554353946/ excerto e procura de texto]
* Johnson, R. U. and Buel, C. C. eds. ''Battles and Leaders of the Civil War'' (4 vols. 1887–88; essays by leading generals of both sides); [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/books/battles/index.cfm online edition]
* ''Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee Through His Private Letters'' ed. by Elizabeth Brown Pryor (2008) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0143113909 excerto e procura de texto]
* Taylor, Walter H. ''Four Years with General Lee'' (1877). [http://books.google.com/books?id=qRITAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Four+intitle:Years+intitle:with+intitle:General+intitle:Lee+inauthor:taylor&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=XnhVSKjLD4josQPWuYjACw full text online]
* Taylor, Walter H. ''General Lee — His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865''. (1906) [http://books.google.com/books?id=1EMHvxGW5qIC&dq=intitle:lee+inauthor:Taylor+inauthor:Walter+inauthor:H&num=30&as_brr=1 online complete edition]
== Ligações Externas ==
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