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== Pesquisas em privação sensorial==
[[Ficheiro:Camp x-ray detainees.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|Prisioneiros na Base Naval de Guantanamo - Uso de Privação sensorial (2006)]]
O nome de [[Donald Olding Hebb|Donald O. Hebb]] <ref>Jean-Pierre Didier, Emmanuel Bigand. ''Rethinking Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine: New Technologies Induce New Learning Strategies''.He was also part of the now revealed secret agency that tested volunteered solitary confinement prisonersPutting them through tests that can cause madness and delusion that makes humans love inanimate objects and imagining fake objects/scenarios. Springer, 2010. ISBN 978-2-8178-0033-2.</ref>esta ligado às pesquisas psicológicas que determinaram os efeitos do uso de privação sensorial e outros métodos que mais tarde vieram a fazer parte das técnicas de [[
[[Naomi Klein]]<ref name="C-SPAN.org">C-SPAN.org: [http://www.c-span.org/video/?200999-1/words-naomi-klein Words Naomi Klein | Video | C-SPAN.org]</ref> afirma em seu livro [[A Doutrina do Choque: a Ascensão do Capitalismo de Desastre]]<ref name="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein: [http://www.naomiklein.org/shock-doctrine/reviews/profiting-disaster-capitalism War, Terror, Catastrophe: Profiting From 'Disaster Capitalism' | Naomi Klein]</ref> de que a pesquisa de [[Ewen Cameron]] no Instituto Allan Memorial e sua contribuição para o [[Projeto MKULTRA|MKULTRA]] não eram sobre o controle da mente e lavagem cerebral, mas sim "como criar um sistema de base científica para a extração de informações de "diante de resistência." Ou seja, como criar técnicas eficazes de quebrar a resistência de um individuo - ou seja " Como aprimorar técnicas de [[tortura]]".
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Donald Hebb, falando em um simpósio na Universidade de Harvard sobre privação sensorial em junho de 1958, Hebb comentou:<ref>Solomon, P., Kubzansky, Philip E., Leiderman, P. Herbert, Mendelson, Jack H., Trumbull, Richard, & Wexler, Donald , Eds. (1961). Sensory Deprivation: A Symposium Held at Harvard Medical School. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.</ref>
<blockquote>O trabalho que temos feito na Universidade McGill,<ref name="mcgilldaily.com">mcgilldaily.com: [http://www.mcgilldaily.com/2013/01/arthur-porter/ The McGill Daily » Arthur Porter]</ref>
==Ver também==
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*Harold I. Schwartz, [http://www.jaapl.org/cgi/content/full/33/2/153 Death Row Syndrome and Demoralization: Psychiatric Means to Social Policy Ends] J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 33:2:153-155 (2005)</ref>
A related phenomenon is perceptual deprivation, also called the [[ganzfeld effect]]. In this case a constant uniform stimuli is used instead of attempting to remove the stimuli, this leads to effects which has similarities to sensory deprivation.<ref>{{
Sensory deprivation techniques were developed by some of the armed forces within NATO, as a means of interrogating prisoners within international treaty obligations.<ref>{{Citation |
==Restricted Environmental Stimulation Therapy (REST)==
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===Chamber REST===
In chamber REST, subjects lie on a bed in a completely dark and sound reducing (on average, 80 dB) room for up to 24 hours. Their movement is restricted by the experimental instructions, but not by any mechanical restraints. Food, drink and toilet facilities are provided in the room and are at the discretion of the tester. Subjects are allowed to leave the room before the 24 hours are complete; however, fewer than 10% actually do.<ref name=suedREST>{{
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===Flotation REST===
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In flotation REST, the room contains a tank or pool. The flotation medium consists of a skin-temperature solution of water and [[Epsom salts]] at a specific gravity that allows for the patient to float supine without worry of safety. In fact, to turn over while in the solution requires "major deliberate effort." Fewer than 5% of the subjects tested leave before the session duration ends, which is usually around an hour for flotation REST.<ref name=suedREST/>
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===Chamber versus flotation REST===
Several differences exist between flotation and chamber REST. For example, with the presence of a medium in flotation REST, the subject has reduced tactile stimulation while experiencing weightlessness. The addition of Epsom salts to attain the desired specific gravity may have a therapeutic effect on [[hypertonic]] muscles. Since one of the main effects of chamber REST has been the resulting state of relaxation, the effects of chamber REST on arousal are less clear-cut, which can be attributed to the nature of the solution.<ref>{{
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Second, due to the inherent immobilization that is experienced in flotation REST (due to not being able to roll over), which can become uncomfortable after several hours, the subject is unable to experience the session durations of chamber REST, which may not allow the subject to experience the changes in attitudes and thinking that are associated with chamber REST<ref>{{
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Third, the research questions asked between each technique are different. Chamber REST questions stemmed from research that began in the 1950s and explored a variety of questions about the need for stimulation, nature of arousal and its relationship with external stimulation. Practitioners of this explored its utility in the treatment of major psychiatric dysfunctions such as [[autism]] and substance misuse. On the contrary, flotation REST was seen as more of a recreational tool as it was tested more for its use with stress-related disorders, pain reduction and insomnia.<ref name="suedREST"/>
Numerous studies have debated which method is a more effective treatment process, however, only one has explored this statistically. 19 subjects, all of whom used chamber and/or flotation REST to induce relaxation and/or treat [[smoking]], [[obesity]], [[alcohol]] intake or chronic pain were analyzed. The statistic of interest, d, is a measure of the size of the treatment effect. For reference, d=0.5 is considered a moderate effect and d=0.8 a large effect. The 19 subjects who underwent chamber REST had d=0.53 and 6 flotation REST subjects showed d=0.33. Additionally, when examining subjects undergoing REST treatment and REST in conjunction with another treatment method, there was little difference.<ref>{{
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==Other uses==
The use of REST has been explored in aiding in the cessation of smoking. In studies ranging between 12 months and 5 years, 25% of REST patients achieved long term abstinence. REST, when combined with other effective smoking cessation methods (for example: behavior modification), resulted in long term abstinence of 50%. Lastly, when combined with weekly support groups, REST resulted in 80% of patients achieving long term abstinence. Comparatively, the use of the [[nicotine patch]] alone has a success rate of 5%.<ref name="smoking">{{
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[[Alcoholism]] has been the target of research associated with REST. In conjunction with anti-alcohol educational messages, patients who underwent 2 hours of REST treatment reduced alcohol consumption by 56% in the first two weeks after treatment. The reduction in consumption was maintained during follow-ups conducted 3 and 6 months after first treatment.
Results from a study conducted by Washington State University are listed in the table below.<ref>{{
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Lastly, REST has been tested to determine its effect on other drug users. A University of Arizona study used chamber REST as a complement to traditional outpatient substance abuse treatment and found that 43% of the patients after 4 years continued to be sober and drug-free. No one in the control group remained clean after 8 months.<ref>{{
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Studies have been conducted to test the effect of sensory deprivation on the brain. One study took 19 volunteers, all of whom tested in the lower and upper 20th percentiles on a questionnaire which measures the tendency of healthy people to see things not really there, and placed them into a pitch black, soundproof booth for 15 minutes. After, they completed another test that measures psychosis-like experiences, originally used to study recreational drug users. Five people reported seeing [[hallucinations]] of faces, six reported seeing shapes/faces not actually there, four noted a heightened sense of smell and two people reported sensing a "presence of evil" in the room. Unsurprisingly, people who scored lower on the first test experienced fewer perceptual distortions; however, they still reported seeing a variety of [[delusion]]s and hallucinations.
According to the ''Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease'' the hallucinations are caused by the brain misidentifying the source of what it is currently experiencing, a phenomenon called [[faulty source monitoring]].<ref name="negativesense">{{
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===José Padilla===
{{Main|José Padilla (prisoner)}}
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Padilla was convicted of aiding terrorists in 2007 and was sentenced to 17 years, 4 months in prison. While awaiting trial, reports surfaced that he was being tortured for information with the use of sensory deprivation for weeks at a time. For 1,307 days, Padilla was kept in a 9' x 7' cell with no natural light, clock or calendar. When Padilla left his cell, he was shackled and fitted with heavy goggles and headphones. His counsel argues that while he was being interrogated Padilla was subjected to harsh lights and pounding sounds. While meeting with his counsel, they reported Padilla exhibiting facial tics, random eye movements and unusual contortions of his body. According to them, Padilla had become so "shattered" that he became convinced his lawyers were part of a continuing interrogation program and saw his captors as protectors.<ref name="negativesense"/>
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After the two days and two nights the subjects noted that their inability to sense time, as well as hallucinations, made the experience difficult. Of the six volunteers, three experienced auditory and visual hallucinations - snakes, oysters, tiny cars and zebras. One was convinced their sheets were wet. Two seemed to cope well.
When complete, the same tests were conducted a second time. The results indicated all volunteers' ability to complete the simplest tasks had deteriorated. One subject's memory capacity fell 36% and all the subjects had trouble thinking of words beginning with a nominated letter; in this case, the letter "F". All four of the men (neither of the two women) had markedly increased suggestibility.<ref name="total">{{
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