Partido Solo Livre: diferenças entre revisões
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O [[Compromisso de 1850]] reduziu as tensões em relação à escravidão, mas alguns permaneceram no partido. Na eleição presidencial de 1852, Hale ganhou 4,9% do voto popular como candidato do partido. A passagem do [[Ato de Kansas-Nebraska]] em 1854 revitalizou o movimento antiescravagista e a filiação partidária (incluindo líderes como Hale e Chase) foi amplamente absorvida pelo [[Partido Republicano (Estados Unidos)|Partido Republicano]] entre 1854 e 1856, por meio do [[movimento Anti-Nebraska]].
{{em tradução|en:Free Soil Party|data=março de 2018}}
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==History==
[[File:1848 United States Free Soil van Buren cartoon.jpg|thumb|1848 cartoon for Van Buren]]
In 1848, the New York State [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] convention did not endorse the [[Wilmot Proviso]], an act that would have banned slavery in any territory conquered by the United States in the [[Mexican–American War|Mexican War]]. Almost half the members, known as "[[Barnburners and Hunkers|Barnburners]]", walked out after denouncing the national platform. [[Lewis Cass]], the Democratic Party's [[United States presidential election, 1848|1848 presidential nominee]], supported [[Popular sovereignty in the United States|popular sovereignty]] (local control) for determining the status of slavery in the U.S. territories. This stance repulsed the New York State Democrats and encouraged them to join with anti-slavery [[Conscience Whigs]] and the majority of the [[Liberty Party (1840s)|Liberty Party]] to form the Free Soil Party,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/slavery-and-anti-slavery/timeline-terms/free-soil-party|title=Free-Soil Party {{!}} The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History|website=www.gilderlehrman.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref> which was formalized in the summer of 1848 at conventions in [[Utica, New York|Utica]] and [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. The Free Soilers nominated former Democratic President [[Martin Van Buren]] for President, along with [[Charles Francis Adams Sr.|Charles Francis Adams]] for Vice President, at [[Lafayette Square, Buffalo|Lafayette Square]] in Buffalo, then known as Court House Park.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lucky.phpwebhosting.com/~ah/h/lafsq/courthse/index.html |title=Old Court House |accessdate=March 8, 2008 |publisher=Chuck LaChiusa |work=History of Buffalo |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808145815/http://lucky.phpwebhosting.com/~ah/h/lafsq/courthse/index.html |archivedate=August 8, 2007 }}</ref> The main party leaders were [[Salmon P. Chase]] of Ohio and [[John P. Hale]] of [[New Hampshire]]. The Free Soil candidates won 10% of the popular vote in 1848, but no electoral votes, in part because the nomination of Van Buren discouraged many anti-slavery Whigs from supporting them.
The party distanced itself from [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionism]] and avoided the moral problems implicit in slavery. Members emphasized instead the threat slavery would pose to free white labor and Northern businessmen in the new Western territories. Although abolitionist [[William Lloyd Garrison]] derided the party philosophy as "white manism",<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Louisa May Alcott on Race, Sex, and Slavery|author1=Alcott, L.M.|author2=Elbert, S.|date=1997|publisher=Northeastern University Press|isbn=9781555533076|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6g6kwxBDzxoC}}</ref> the approach appealed to many moderate opponents of slavery. The 1848 platform pledged to promote limited [[internal improvements]], work for a homestead law, work towards paying off the public debt and introduce a moderate tariff for revenue only.
The [[Compromise of 1850]] temporarily neutralized the issue of slavery and undercut the party's no-compromise position. Most Barnburners returned to the Democratic Party while most of the Conscience Whigs returned to the Whig Party. This resulted in the Free Soil Party becoming dominated by ardent anti-slavery leaders.
The party ran [[John P. Hale]] in the [[United States presidential election, 1852|1852 presidential election]], but its share of the popular vote shrank to less than 5%. However, two years later, after enormous outrage over the [[Kansas–Nebraska Act]] of 1854, the remains of the Free Soil Party helped form the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref>Mayfield, John; ''Rehearsal for Republicanism: Free Soil and the Politics of Anti-Slavery''; Port Washington. NY; Kennikat, 1980</ref>
==Legacy==
The Free Soil Party sent two [[United States Senate|Senators]] and fourteen [[United States House of Representatives|Representatives]] to the [[thirty-first United States Congress|thirty-first Congress]], which convened from March 4, 1849 to March 3, 1851. Since there were party members on the floor of Congress, they could carry far more weight in the government and in the debates that took place. The Free Soil Party presidential nominee in 1848, Martin Van Buren, received 291,616 votes against [[Zachary Taylor]] of the Whigs and Lewis Cass of the Democrats, but Van Buren received no electoral votes. The party's "[[spoiler effect]]" in 1848 may have helped Taylor into office in a narrowly contested election.
However, the strength of the party was its representation in Congress as the sixteen elected officials had influence far beyond their numerical strength.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The party's most important legacy was as a route for anti-slavery Democrats to join the new Republican coalition.
In August 1854, an alliance was brokered at [[Ottawa, Illinois]] between the Free Soil Party and the Whigs (in part based on the efforts of local newspaper publisher Jonathan F. Linton) that gave rise to the new Republican Party which had been founded in March of that year.<ref name=SIMMONS>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritagepursuit.com/Franklin/Franklin%20Vol%20II%20Bio%2006%20P100.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120045812/http://www.heritagepursuit.com/Franklin/Franklin%20Vol%20II%20Bio%2006%20P100.htm |archivedate=January 20, 2009 |title=Centennial history of Columbus and Franklin County, Ohio; Vol. 2 |pages=161–162 |first=William Alexander |last=Taylor |publisher=S. J. Clarke Publishing Co |year=1909}}</ref>
[[Free Soil Township, Michigan]] was named after the Free Soil party in 1848.<ref name=BOUGHNER>{{cite news |last=Boughner |first=Eliane Durnin|date=Jun 25, 1981 |title=Free Soil Gets History Write-up |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pIxkAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5UsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6887%2C7813007 |newspaper=Ludington Daily News |location=Ludington, MI |access-date=Sep 13, 2016 }}</ref>
==Positions==
[[File:Politicalcartoon1850.jpg|thumb|left|300px|In this 1850 political cartoon, the artist attacks abolitionist, Free Soil and other sectionalist interests of 1850 as dangers to the Union]]
Free Soil candidates ran on a platform that declared: "[W]e inscribe on our banner, 'Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, and Free Men,' and under it we will fight on, and fight forever, until a triumphant victory shall reward our exertions".<ref>''The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905'' by Thomas Hudson McKee {{isbn|0-403-00356-3}} p. 52</ref> The party also called for a [[tariff]] for revenue only (i.e. import taxes sufficient to meet federal government expenses without creating protectionist trade barriers) and for a [[Homestead Act|homestead act]]. The Free Soil Party's main support came from areas of [[Ohio]], upstate [[New York (state)|New York]] and western [[Massachusetts]], although other northern states also had representatives. The party contended that slavery undermined the [[dignity of labor]] and inhibited social mobility and was therefore fundamentally undemocratic. Viewing slavery as an economically inefficient, obsolete institution, Free Soilers believed that slavery should be contained and that if contained it would ultimately disappear.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
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==Noted Free Soilers==
* [[Jonathan Blanchard (abolitionist)|Jonathan Blanchard]], President of [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]]<ref name=Kane>{{cite book|title=The Past and Present of Kane County, Illinois|publisher=William Le Baron, Jr. & Co.|place=Chicago, IL|year=1878|p=258}}</ref>
* [[Walter Booth]], [[U.S. Congressman]] from Connecticut
* [[David C. Broderick]], [[U.S. Senator]] from California
* [[William Cullen Bryant]]
* [[Salmon P. Chase]], U.S. Senator from Ohio
* [[Oren B. Cheney]], legislator from Maine and founder of [[Bates College]]
* [[Richard Henry Dana, Jr.]]
* [[Sidney Edgerton]], U.S. Congressman from Ohio, [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Idaho Territorial Supreme Court]] and [[Territorial Governor of Montana]]
* [[John C. Frémont]], U.S. Senator from California
* [[Leander F. Frisby]], Wisconsin Attorney General
* [[Joshua Reed Giddings]], U.S. Congressman from Ohio
* [[Francis Gillette]], U.S. Senator from Connecticut
* [[James Harlan (senator)|James Harlan]], U.S. Senator from Iowa
* [[Thomas Hoyne]], future [[Mayor of Chicago]]<ref name=Kane/>
* [[Horace Mann]], U.S. Congressman from Massachusetts and educational reformer
* [[J. Young Scammon]], Chicago pioneer and state Whig leader, who in 1848 ran on a "Free Soil plank" in the 4th Congressional District<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris|first1=Norman Dwight|title=The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois|date=1904|pages=173–174|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CnZIAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA173|accessdate=2 December 2015}}</ref>
* [[William B. Ogden]], former Mayor of Chicago and President of the [[Galena and Chicago Union Railroad]]<ref name=Kane/>
* [[Charles Sumner]], U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
* [[Walt Whitman]], member of the Free Soil Committee for Brooklyn and editor of the Brooklyn ''Freeman'', a Free Soil newspaper
* [[John Greenleaf Whittier]]
* [[Henry Wilson]]
* [[Asa Walker (politician)|Asa Walker]]
* [[Victor Willard]], Wisconsin State Senator, 17th District, 1849–1850; and Wisconsin Constitutional Convention Delegate, 1846 (Democrat)<ref>The Blue Book of the State of Wisconsin for 1879; Waukesha Democrat (newspaper), December 5, 1848; Watertown Chronicle, December 5, 1849</ref>
* [[Willard Woodard]], educator, publisher, Free Soil club co-founder and President
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{{Referências}}
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