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{{Em tradução|en}}
{{Política das Filipinas}}
A '''Política das Filipinas''' é transformada por uma [[república]] [[democrática]] ou [[representativa]] onde o [[presidente]] é tanto o [[chefe de estado]] quanto o [[chefe de governo]] com o sistema de monções. <!--ThisEste systemsistema revolvesgira aroundem threetorno separatede andtrês sovereignramos yetseparados e soberanos, interdependentmas branchesinterdependentes: theo legislativepoder branchlegislativo (theo law-makingórgão bodylegislativo), theo executivepoder branchexecutivo (theo law-enforcingórgão bodyencarregado do cumprimento da lei), ande theo judicialpoder branchjudiciário (theo law-interpretingórgão bodyque interpreta a lei). O [[Executivepoder powerexecutivo]] is exercisedé byexercido thepelo [[governmentgoverno]] undersob thea leadershipliderança ofdo the presidentpresidente. O [[Legislativepoder powerlegislativo]] isestá vestedinvestido intanto bothno thegoverno governmentquanto andno theCongresso de duas câmaras two-chamber congress—theo [[Senate ofSenado thedas PhilippinesFilipinas|Senatesenado]] - (thea uppercâmara chambersuperior) ande thea [[House ofCâmara Representativesdos ofrepresentantes thedas PhilippinesFilipinas|Housecâmara ofdos Representativesrepresentantes]] (thea lowercâmara chamberinferior). O [[JudiciaryJudiciário|JudicialPoder powerjudiciário]] isé vestedinvestido innos thetribunais courtscom with thea [[SupremeSuprema CourtCorte ofdas the PhilippinesFilipinas]] ascomo theo highestmais alto órgão judicial.<ref>{{Citar bodyweb|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex2016|título=Democracy Index 2016 – The Economist Intelligence Unit|último=solutions|primeiro=EIU digital|website=www.eiu.com|língua=en|acessodata=30-11-2017}}</ref>
 
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== Governo das Filipinas ==
==Government of the Philippines==
{{Fix bunching|begin}}
[[Ficheiro:Philippine government.png|thumb|300px|Organizational chart. Note that the constitutional commissions are omitted; they are usually classified as co-equal with the three branches of government.]]
{{Fix bunching|mid}}
{{Philippine Government}}
{{Fix bunching|end}}
 
===Executive branch===
{{Refimprove|section called "Executive branch"|date=January 2008}}
The current executive branch is headed by the [[President of the Philippines|President]], [[Benigno Aquino III|Benigno S. Aquino III]] (party affiliation: [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]/LP) June 30, 2010, whose functions are as both the head of state and the head of government. The president is also the [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the [[Military of the Philippines|Armed Forces of the Philippines]]. The president is elected by popular vote to a term of six years. The president, then, appoints (and may dismiss) his/her [[Cabinet of the Philippines|cabinet]] members whom he/she presides over. The executive seat of government is administered officially from [[Malacañang Palace]]—also the official residence of the president—in [[Manila]]. The [[President of the Philippines|President]] may no longer run for re-election, unless he/she becomes president through constitutional succession and has served for no more than four years as president.
 
The second highest official, [[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] [[Jejomar Binay]] (party affiliation: [[Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino]]/PMP) June 30, 2010, is also elected by popular vote. The vice-president is first in line to succession should the president resign, be impeached or die in office. The vice-president usually, though not always, may be a member of the president's cabinet. If there is a vacancy in the position of Vice President, the President will appoint any member of Congress (usually a party member) as new Vice President. The appointment will be validated by a three-fourths vote of Congress voting separately.
 
===Legislative branch===
{{Refimprove|section called "Legislative branch"|date=January 2008}}
The remainder of the House seats are designated for sectoral representatives elected at large through a complex "party list" system, hinging on the party receiving at least 2% to 6% of the national vote total. The upper house is located in [[Pasay City]], while the lower house is located in [[Quezon City]]. The district and sectoral representatives are elected with a term of three years. They can be reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for a fourth consecutive term. The senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be reelected but they are no longer eligible to run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass a resolution for a vacancy of a legislative seat that will pave way for a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative; this will be considered as one elective term. The same rule applies in the Senate however it only applies if the seat is vacated before a regular legislative election. This case applies when Senator [[Teofisto Guingona]] was appointed Vice President before the May 2001 election. Senator [[Gregorio Honasan]] was in the 13th position in the Senatorial election and he served the unfinished term of Guingona. Honasan is no longer eligible to run for the 2004 elections. The case did not apply in 1998 when Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was elected as Vice President and in 2004 when Noli de Castro was elected as Vice President.
 
Members of the Philippine Congress tend to have weak party loyalties and change party affiliation easily. In October 2003, the [[Sunshine Coalition]] dissolved over Pres. [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]'s decision to seek election for the presidency, which she assumed when as vice-president, she succeeded [[Joseph Estrada]] following the [[EDSA 2]] Revolution of 2001.
 
Senate President: [[Juan Ponce Enrile]]
 
Speaker of the House of Representatives: [[Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.]]
 
*'Presidents of the Philippine Senate:''
*'''''THE PHILIPPINE COLONY OF THE UNITED STATES (The Philippine Legislature) (1916–1935):'''''
**1916–1935 [[Manuel L. Quezon|Manuel Luis Quezon]] [[Nacionalista Party]]
*'''''SENATE DISSOLVED: UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURE (1935–1941)'''''
*'''''SENATE DISSOLVED: WORLD WAR II (1941–1945)'''''
*'''''RESTORED PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH (1945–1946)'''''
**1945–1946 [[Manuel A. Roxas]]
*'''''THIRD REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (1946–1972)'''''
**1946–1949 [[Jose Avelino]]
**1949–1951 [[Mariano Jesus Cuenco]]
**1952 [[Quintin Paredes]]
**1952 [[Camilo Osias]]
**1952–1953 [[Eulogio Rodriguez]]
**1953 [[Jose Zulueta]]
**1953–1963 [[Eulogio Rodriguez]]
**1963–1965 [[Ferdinand E. Marcos]]
**1966–1967 [[Arturo M. Tolentino]]
**1967–1972 [[Gil J. Puyat]]
*'''''SENATE DISSOLVED: THE MARTIAL LAW YEARS (1972–1978)'''''
*'''''SENATE DISOLVED: [[Interim Batasang Pambansa]] and [[Regular Batasang Pambansa]] (1978–1986)'''''
*'''''SENATE DISSOLVED: 1986 Constitutional Commission (1986–1987)'''''
*'''''FIFTH REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES (1987–present):'''''
**1987–1992 [[Jovito R. Salonga]]
**1992–1993 [[Neptali A. Gonzales]]
**1993–1995 [[Edgardo J. Angara]]
**1995–1996 [[Neptali A. Gonzales]]
**1996–1998 [[Ernesto M. Maceda]]
**1998–1998 [[Neptali A. Gonzales]]
**1998–1999 [[Marcelo B. Fernan]]
**1999–2000 [[Blas F. Ople]]
**2000 [[Franklin M. Drilon]]
**2000–2001 [[Aquilino Pimentel]]
**2001–2006 [[Franklin M. Drilon]]
**2006–2008 [[Manuel Villar|Manuel B. Villar, Jr.]]
**2008–present [[Juan Ponce Enrile]]
 
*''Speakers of the Philippine House of Representatives''
*'''''THE PHILIPPINE COLONY OF THE UNITED STATES (The National Assembly; 1907–1922):'''''
**1907–1922 [[Sergio Osmeña]]
*'''''THE PHILIPPINE COLONY OF THE UNITED STATES (House of Represenatatives; 1922–1935):'''''
**1922–1933 [[Manuel Roxas]]
**1933–1935 [[Quintin Paredes]]
*'''''THE PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH (The National Assembly; 1935–1941):'''''
**1935–1938 [[Gil Montilla]]
**1938–1941 [[Jose Yulo]]
*'''''CONGRESS DISSOLVED: WORLD WAR II (1941–1943):'''''
*'''''THE SECOND PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (The National Assembly; 1943–1945):'''''
**1943–1945 [[Benigno Aquino, Sr.]]
*'''''THE RESTORED PHILIPPINE COMMONWEALTH (House of Representatives; 1945–1946):'''''
**1945–1946 Jose Zulueta
*'''''THE THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (House of Representatives; 1946–1972):'''''
**1946–1953 [[Eugenio Perez]]
**1954–1957 [[Jose B. Laurel, Jr.]]
**1957–1962 [[Daniel Romualdez]]
**1962–1967 [[Cornelio Villareal]]
**1967–1971 [[Jose B. Laurel, Jr.]]
**1971–1972 [[Cornelio Villareal]]
*'''''THE FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (Interim Batasang Pambansa; 1978–1984):'''''
**1978–1984 [[Querube Makalintal|Querube C. Makalintal]]
*'''''THE FOURTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (Regular Batasang Pambansa; 1984–1986):'''''
**1984–1986 [[Nicanor E. Yniguez]]
*'''''CONGRESS DISSOLVED: 1986 Constitutional Commission (1986–1987):'''''
*'''''THE FIFTH PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC (House of Representatives; 1987–present):'''''
**1987–1992 [[Ramon V. Mitra]]
**1992–1998 [[Jose C. De Venecia, Jr.]]
**1998–2000 [[Manuel Villar|Manuel Villar, Jr.]]
**2000–2001 [[Arnulfo Fuentebella]]
**2001 [[Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.]]
**2001–2008 [[Jose C. De Venecia, Jr.]]
**2008–2010 [[Prospero Nograles]]
**2010–Present [[Feliciano Belmonte, Jr.]]
 
===Judicial branch===
{{Refimprove|section called "Judicial branch"|date=January 2008}}
The judiciary branch of the government is headed by the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines|Supreme Court]], which has a [[Chief Justice of the Philippines|Chief Justice]] as its head and 14 [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines|Associate Justices]]. The Justices serve life terms until the age of 70. The justices are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council.<ref>Redden, R.K. 1984. Modern Legal System Cyclopedia - Asia Chapter 7(b) "The legal system of the Philippines" W.B. Hein, Buffalo NY</ref>
 
Other court types of courts, of varying jurisdiction around the archipelago, are the:
Lower Collegiate Courts:
*Court of Appeals
*Court of Tax Appeals
*Sandiganbayan
 
Regular Courts:
*Regional Trial Courts
*Metropolitan Trial Courts
*Municipal Trial Courts
*Municipal Trial Courts in Cities
*Municipal Circuit Trial Courts
 
Muslim Courts
*Sharia District Courts
*Sharia Circuit Courts
 
Supreme Court Chief Justice: [[Reynato Puno]]
 
''Chief Justices of the Supreme Court''
*1901–1920 [[Cayetano L. Arellano]]
*1920–1921 [[Victorino Mapa]]
*1921–1924 [[Manuel Araullo]]
*1925–1941 [[Ramon Avanceña]]
*1941–1942 [[Jose Abad Santos]]
*1942–1944 [[Jose Yulo]]
*1945–1951 [[Manuel Moran]]
*1951–1961 [[Ricardo Paras]]
*1961–1966 [[Cesar Bengzon]]
*1966–1973 [[Roberto Concepcion]]
*1973–1975 [[Querube Makalintal|Querube C. Makalintal]]
*1976–1979 [[Fred Ruiz Castro]]
*1979–1985 [[Enrique Fernando]]
*1985–1985 [[Felix Makasiar]]
*1985–1986 [[Ramon Aquino]]
*1986–1988 [[Claudio Teehankee, Sr.]]
*1988–1988 [[Pedro Yap]]
*1988–1991 [[Marcelo B. Fernan]]
*1991–1998 [[Andres Narvasa]]
*1998–2005 [[Hilario Davide, Jr.]]
*2005–2006 [[Artemio Panganiban]]
*2006–2010 [[Reynato Puno]]
*2010–present [[Renato Corona]]
 
===Office of the Ombudsman===
{{Refimprove|section called "Office of the Ombudsman"|date=January 2008}}
The government and all three of its branches are independently monitored by the Office of the [[Philippine Ombudsman|Ombudsman]]. The Ombudsman is given the mandate to investigate and prosecute any government official allegedly guilty of crimes, especially [[Political corruption|Graft]] and [[political corruption|Corruption]]. The Ombudsman, or otherwise called as Tanodbayan, is assisted by six deputies, namely the Overall Deputy, the Deputy for Luzon, the Deputy for Visayas, the Deputy for Mindanao, the Deputy for the Armed Forces, and the Special Prosecutor.
 
==Political parties and elections==
{{Refimprove|section (tables and article paragraphs) called "Political parties and elections"|date=January 2008}}
{{elect|List of political parties in the Philippines|Elections in the Philippines}}
{{main|Election Process in the Philippines}}
{{See|Philippine general election, 2010}}
{{Philippine presidential election, 2010}}
{{Philippine Vice Presidential election, 2010}}
{{Philippine senate election, 2010}}
{{Philippine House election, 2010}}
During the [[United States|American]] occupation, the [[Nacionalista Party (Philippines)|Nacionalista Party]] was the dominant party of the time. However, during the Japanese occupation in [[World War II]], a new party, the [[Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas]] (KALIBAPI), was formed. It was the only party allowed to operate during the occupation.
 
After the war, KALIBAPI was abolished and the Nacionalistas returned to power. A new party, the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]], was formed after some Nacionalistas led by [[Jose P. Laurel]] and [[Camilo Osias]] split from KALIBAPI. This de facto [[two-party system]] remained until 1972.
 
However, when [[Ferdinand Marcos]] declared [[martial law]], he formed his own party, the [[Kilusang Bagong Lipunan]] (KBL, New Society Movement), and the Nacionalistas, the Liberals, as well as some other parties. Most of Marcos' political opponents were jailed, tortured or killed. In 1978, Marcos called an [[Philippine parliamentary election, 1978|election]] to the interim [[Batasang Pambansa]]. An opposition party was formed known as [[LABAN]]. Among the candidates then were [[Benigno Aquino, Jr.|Benigno Aquino]], [[Ernesto Maceda]], and [[Alex Bongcayao]]. During that election, no opposition candidate was elected. Some groups also sprang up including the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|National Union for Liberation]] led by [[John Osmena]] and [[Diosdado Macapagal]], the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party, the Pusyon Bisaya and the Young Philippines.
 
In 1984, other opposition parties sprang up. Among them were [[PDP-LABAN]] (different from the original LABAN party) of [[Aquilino Pimentel]] and the UNIDO, or the [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization]] of [[Salvador Laurel]]. The UNIDO would later be an umbrella coalition of opposition against [[Ferdinand Marcos]].
 
The Liberal Party-Salonga Wing, the US-based political figures, the leftist forces led by the [[Bagong Alyansang Makabayan]] (BAYAN) and other cause-oriented groups did not join the election because they taught they have no faith in fake elections anymore under Marcos.
 
After Marcos was overthrown in the [[People Power Revolution]], other parties appeared, such as Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas, the Lakas ng Bansa, the National Union of Christian Democrats, the Philippine Democratic Socialist Party and BANDILA.
 
In 1987 the opposition parties that distanced both from Marcos & Aquino form the Grand Alliance for Democracy (GAD). The parties taking part in the GAD were the Nacionalista Party (Jose Roy Wing), a segment of Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a segment of the Liberal Party led by [[Eva Estrada Kalaw]], the Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas, the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party and the Christian Socialist Democratic Party.
 
Another segment of KBL who were still loyal to Marcos joined forces with the Union for Peace & Progress or UPP.
 
The Left created the Partido ng Bayan or PnB that led by Former Navy Captain Danilo "Ka Dan" Vizmanos as chairman. They put up senatorial bets in the 1987 elections such as peasant leader Jaime Tadeo and Atty. Romeo Capulong.
 
In 1988 the Lakas ng Bansa headed by [[Ramon Mitra]] and [[PDP-LABAN]] (Cojuangco Wing) joined forces to form the [[Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino]] or LDP, causing a split in the ruling coalition and the unification of the [[Nacionalista Party]].
 
In 1989, anti-Aquino elements reunited at PICC for the Unification of the Nacionalista Party. This unite the forces of the opposition like the Laurel and Roy Wings of the Nacionalista Party, a segment of KBL, the Partido Nacionalista ng Pilipinas, the Mindanao Alliance, the Muslim Federal Party and the Christian Socialist Democratic Party
 
In [[Philippine general election, 1992|1992 elections]], the LDP was split in half. [[Fidel V. Ramos]] formed his own party, the Partido Lakas ng Tao, which coalesced with the National Union of Christian Democrats. Their union was later known as the Lakas-NUCD, now known as [[Lakas-Christian and Muslim Democrats]]. The LDP was headed by [[Ramon Mitra]]. During these elections, the Nacionalista Party also split into two. The Nacionalistas were led by Salvador Laurel while the splinter group, led by [[Eduardo Cojuangco|Danding Cojuangco]], was known as the [[Nationalist People's Coalition]] or NPC.
 
In the [[Philippine general election, 1998|1998 Philippine elections]], three new political parties were formed: the [[Partido ng Masang Pilipino]] of [[Joseph Estrada]], the [[Aksyon Demokratiko]] (Democratic Action) of [[Raul Roco]], and the [[Kabalikat ng Mamamayang Pilipino]] (KAMPI) of [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]].
 
There were other regional parties, including [[Panaghiusa]] (precursor of the Osmeñas' BO-PK), and the [[Mindanao Alliance]] in Mindanao. However, many of them are now defunct.
 
It is believed that Philippine political parties share one common platform. However, it is also perceived that Philippine political parties are also not based on [[political platform]], but rather on personality. Switching party affiliation is so widespread that there were moves from lawmakers in the past to make this illegal. The issue has fueled the belief that many Philippine politicians are opportunists interested in using political power for personal profit.
in the 2010 may elections Benigno Aquino the third won as president
 
==Local government/administrative subdivisions==
{{Refimprove|section called "Local government/administrative subdivisions"|date=January 2008}}
The Philippines is divided into a hierarchy of local government units (LGUs) with the [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] as the primary unit. As of 2007, there are 81 provinces in the country. Provinces are further subdivided into [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] and [[Philippine municipality|municipalities]], which are in turn, composed of [[barangay]]s. The barangay is the smallest local government unit. A Philippine province is headed by a Governor. A Provincial Council (Sangguniang Panlalawigan) is composed of a Vice Governor (Presiding Officer) and Provincial Board Members. A Philippine city or municipality is headed by a Mayor. a City Council (Sangguniang Panlungsod) or Municipal Council (Sangguniang Bayan) is composed of a Vice Mayor (Presiding Officer) and City or Municipal Councilors. A barangay is headed by a Barangay Captain, who is also the presiding officer of the barangay council. The Barangay Council is composed of seven (7) [[Barangay Kagawad]]s. A similar unit called a Youth Council (Sangguniang Kabataan) is headed by an SK Chairperson with a similar rank to a Barangay Captain. The council is composed of SK Members.
 
The term of office for all local elected officials is three (3) years, starting from noon of June 30 of an election year. No local elective official shall serve for more than three (3) consecutive terms in the same position. Voluntary renunciation of the office for any length of time shall not be considered as an interruption in the continuity of service for the full term for which the elective official concerned was elected. Barangay and SK officials are elected to a term of five (5) years starting from noon of the date as prescribed by law. The current barangay organic law sets the date of November 12, 2007 as the effectivite date. Current barangay and SK officials started terms August 15, 2002. The next barangay and SK election will be on October 29, 2007.
 
All provinces are grouped into 17 [[Regions of the Philippines|regions]] for administrative convenience. Most government offices establish regional offices to serve the constituent provinces. The regions themselves do not possess a separate local government, with the exception of the [[Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao|Muslim Mindanao]] region, which is autonomous. The [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] will become an autonomous region and will receive the setup granted to Muslim Mindanao if voters would approve an organic law that would create a Cordillera ''Autonomous'' Region.
 
==International organization participation==
{{Refimprove|section called "International organization participation"|date=January 2008}}
The Philippines is a founding and active member of the [[United Nations]] since its inception on October 24, 1945 and is a founding member of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN). The Philippines is also a member of the [[East Asia Summit]] (EAS), an active player in the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC), the [[Latin Union]] and a member of the [[Group of 24]]. The country is a [[major non-NATO ally]] of the U.S., but also a member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].
-->
 
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=={{Ver também}}==
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*[[Dinastias políticas nas Filipinas]]
 
{{Referências}}
==Ligações externas==
 
==Ligações externas==
*[http://www.congress.gov.ph/ Câmara dos Representantes das Filipinas]
*[http://www.senate.gov.ph/ Senado das Filipinas]
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{{Filipinas/Tópicos}}
{{Ásia tópico|Política }}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Politica Das Filipinas}}
Obtida de "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Política_das_Filipinas"