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texto trocado por '{{Página de testes de utilizador}} {{Info/Conflito militar |nome = Guerra Civil Americana |imagem = CivilWarUSAColl.png |legenda = |data =...'
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|nome = Guerra Civil Americana
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|legenda = '''Sentido horário:'''<br />[[Batalha de Gettysburg]], capitão da [[Exército da União|União]] [[John C. Tidball]] junto com a artilharia, prisioneiros [[Exército dos Estados Confederados|Confederados]], [[couraçado casamata]] {{USS|Atlanta|1861|6}}, ruínas de [[Richmond (Virgínia)|Richmond, Virgínia]], [[Batalha de Franklin (1864)|Batalha de Franklin]]
|legenda =
|data = [[Batalha de Fort Sumter|12 de abril de 1861]] – [[Conclusão da Guerra Civil Americana#Declaração de Andrew Johnson em 9 de maio|9 de maio de 1865]]{{Efn|[[CSS Shenandoah|O último tiro]] foi em 22 de junho de 1865.}}<ref name="NYT JD Cap">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1865/05/10/archives/important-proclamations-the-belligerent-rights-of-the-rebels-at-an.html|title=The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End. All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers. If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports. Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia. The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There |website=The New York Times|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=May 10, 1865|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><br />(4 anos, 3 semanas e 6 dias)
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== Notas ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}
 
== Referências ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist}}
<!--<ref name="Civil War Refugees">{{citar web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CI013.html|título=Civil War Refugees|publicado=Oklahoma Historical Society, [[Oklahoma State University]] |acessodata=10 de agosto de 2008}}</ref>-->
{{refbegin}}
 
<ref name="Forrest McDonald 2002">Forrest McDonald, ''States' Rights and the Union: Imperium in Imperio, 1776–1876'' (2002).</ref>
 
<!--ref name="Lincoln's Call for Troops">{{citar web|url=http://www.civilwarhome.com/lincolntroops.htm |título=Lincoln's Call for Troops}}</ref-->
 
<!--ref name="Lincoln's Call to Arms">{{citar web|último =Bornstein |primeiro =David |url=http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/lincoln-declares-war/ |título=Lincoln's Call to Arms |obra=New York Times |data=14 de abril de 2011 |acessodata=11 de agosto de 2011}}</ref-->
 
<ref name="Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy">{{citar web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=70123 |título=Abraham Lincoln: Proclamation 83 – Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy |publicado=Presidency.ucsb.edu |acessodata=3 de novembro de 2011}}</ref>
 
<ref name="StatsWarCost">{{citar web|último =Nofi|primeiro =Al|autorlink =Albert Nofi|título=Statistics on the War's Costs|publicado=Louisiana State University|data=13 de junho de 2001|url=http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm|arquivodata=11 de julho de 2007|acessodata=14 de outubro de 2007}}</ref>
 
<!--<ref name="United States Volunteers – Indian Troops">{{citar web|data=28 de janeiro de 2008 |url=http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unindtr.htm |título=United States Volunteers – Indian Troops |obra=civilwararchive.com |acessodata=10 de agosto de 2008}}</ref>-->
 
<ref name="WarLeader">{{citar periódico|último =Fehrenbacher|primeiro =Don|título=Lincoln's Wartime Leadership: The First Hundred Days|periódico=Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association|volume=9|número=1|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jala;view=text;rgn=main;idno=2629860.0009.103|ano=2004|publicado=University of Illinois|acessodata=16 de outubro de 2007}}</ref>
 
<ref name="american83">David W. Blight, ''Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory'' (2001).</ref>
 
<ref name="appomattox">William Marvel, ''Lee's Last Retreat: The Flight to Appomattox'' (2002), pp. 158–81.</ref>
 
<ref name="approaching">[[Stephen B. Oates]], ''The Approaching Fury: Voices of the Storm 1820–1861'', p.&nbsp;125.</ref>
 
<ref name="census74">Railroad length is from: [[Chauncey Depew]] (ed.), ''One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895'', p.&nbsp;111; For other data see: [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860c-01.pdf 1860 U.S. Census] and Carter, Susan B., ed. ''The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition'' (5 vols), 2006.</ref>
 
<ref name="charleston">Snell, Mark A., ''West Virginia and the Civil War'', History Press, Charleston, SC, 2011, p. 28.</ref>
 
<ref name="confederacy">James McPherson, ''Why did the Confederacy Lose?''. p.&nbsp;?.</ref>
 
<ref name="confederacy84">Gaines M. Foster (1988), ''Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913''.</ref>
 
<!--ref name="confederate36">Mark A. Weitz (2005), ''More Damning than Slaughter: Desertion in the Confederate Army''.</ref-->
 
<ref name="controversy">Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher, eds (2009), ''Wars within a War: Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War'' (University of North Carolina Press).</ref>
 
<ref name="copperhead">Curry, Richard Orr (1964), ''A House Divided, A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia'', University of Pittsburgh Press, map on p. 49.</ref>
 
<ref name="counterpoint">C. Vann Woodward (1971), ''American Counterpoint: Slavery and Racism in the North-South Dialogue'', p. 281.</ref>
 
<!--ref name="desertion">Ella Lonn, ''Desertion during the Civil War'' (1928), pp.&nbsp;205–06.</ref-->
 
<ref name="desertion37">Robert Fantina, ''Desertion and the American soldier, 1776–2006'' (2006), p.&nbsp;74.</ref>
 
<ref name="economist">''[[The Economist]]'', "[http://www.economist.com/node/18486035?story_id=18486035 The Civil War: Finally Passing]", April 2, 2011, pp. 23–25.</ref>
 
<ref name="gallagher">Gary Gallagher, ''Causes Won, Lost, and Forgotten: How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War'' (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2008).</ref>
 
<ref name="history">Mark E. Neely Jr.; "Was the Civil War a Total War?" ''Civil War History'', Vol. 50, 2004, pp.&nbsp;434+.</ref>
 
<ref name="inaugural">Abraham Lincoln, First Inaugural Address, Monday, March 4, 1861.</ref>
 
<!--ref name="infantry">Mark Johnson, ''That Body of Brave Men: the U.S. regular infantry and the Civil War in the West'' (2003), p. 575.</ref-->
 
<ref name="murdock">Eugene Murdock, ''One Million Men: the Civil War draft in the North'' (1971).</ref>
 
<ref name="nationalgeographic">"[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands]". ''National Geographic News''. July 1, 2003.</ref>
 
<ref name="nationalism">Avery Craven, ''The Growth of Southern Nationalism, 1848–1861'' (1953).</ref>
 
<ref name="nationalism19">Susan-Mary Grant, ''North over South: Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era'' (2000); Melinda Lawson, ''Patriot Fires: Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North'' (2005).</ref>
 
<ref name="nevins">Nevins, ''The War for the Union'' (1959), 1:119–29.</ref>
 
<ref name="nevins26">Nevins, ''The War for the Union'' (1959), 1:129–36.</ref>
 
<ref name="nevins73">Allan Nevins, ''War for the Union 1862–1863'', pp. 263–64.</ref>
 
<ref name="proclamation">Frank J. Williams, "Doing Less and Doing More: The President and the Proclamation – Legally, Militarily and Politically," in Harold Holzer, ed. ''The Emancipation Proclamation'' (2006), pp. 74–75.</ref>
 
<ref name="progressive">Kenneth M. Stampp, ''The Imperiled Union: Essays on the Background of the Civil War'' (1981), p. 198; Richard Hofstadter, ''The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington'' (1969).</ref>
 
<ref name="questia">Albert Burton Moore. ''Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy'' (1924) [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=10517499 online edition].</ref>
 
<ref name="reconstruct">Barnet Schecter, ''The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America'' (2007).</ref>
 
<ref name="republican18">"Republican Platform of 1860," in Kirk H. Porter, and Donald Bruce Johnson, eds. ''National Party Platforms, 1840–1956'', (University of Illinois Press, 1956). p. 32.</ref>
 
<ref name="sectionalism">Charles S. Sydnor, ''The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819–1848'' (1948).</ref>
 
<ref name="sectionalism17">Robert Royal Russel, ''Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism, 1840–1861'' (1973).</ref>
 
<ref name="slate">Richard Wightman Fox (2008)."[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083839/http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=read&id=2180856 National Life After Death]". [[Slate.com]].</ref>
 
<ref name="southern">Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ''The Shaping of Southern Culture: Honor, Grace, and War, 1760s–1880s'' (2000).</ref>
 
<ref name="surrender">Unaware of the surrender of Lee, on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the [[Battle of Columbus, Georgia]] and the [[Battle of West Point]].</ref>
 
<ref name="taussig">Frank Taussig, ''The Tariff History of the United States'' (1931), pp.&nbsp;115–61</ref>
 
<!--ref name="teachinghistory">Hamner, Christopher. "[http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/24413 Great Expectations for the Civil War]." [http://www.teachinghistory.org/ Teachinghistory.org]. Retrieved 2011-07-11.</ref-->
 
<ref name="terrible">Bruce Catton, ''Terrible Swift Sword'', pp. 263–96.</ref>
 
<ref name="ucsb">[http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29501 President James Buchanan, Message of December 8, 1860]. Retrieved November 28, 2012.</ref>
 
<!-- The following references appeared in the reflist but were not used in the prior text. Please return them to the reflist once they have been correctly cited in the main article.
<ref name="abolitionists">David Brion Davis, ''Inhuman Bondage'' (2006). p.&nbsp;197, 409; Stanley Harrold, ''The Abolitionists and the South, 1831–1861'' (1995) p. 62; Jane H. and William H. Pease, "Confrontation and Abolition in the 1850s" ''Journal of American History'' (1972) 58(4): 923–37.</ref>
<ref name="civil-war">[http://www.civil-war.net/pages/1860_census.html 1860 Census Results], The Civil War Home Page.</ref>
<ref name="abraham">Abraham Lincoln, Speech at New Haven, Conn., March 6, 1860.</ref>
<ref name="butterfield">Fox Butterfield; ''All God's Children'', p. 17.</ref>
<ref name="trager">''The People's Chronology'', 1994 by James Trager.</ref>
<ref name="secessionists">William W. Freehling, ''The Road to Disunion: Secessionists Triumphant 1854–1861'', pp. 9–24.</ref>
<ref name="Freehling">William W. Freehling, ''The Road to Disunion, Secessionists Triumphant'', pp. 269–462, p. 274. (The quote about slave states "encircled by fire" is from the ''New Orleans Delta'', May 13, 1860.)</ref>
<ref name="representatives">Most of her slave owners are "decent, honorable people, themselves victims" of that institution. Much of her description was based on personal observation, and the descriptions of Southerners; she herself calls them and Legree representatives of different types of masters.;Gerson, ''Harriet Beecher Stowe'', p. 68; Stowe, ''Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin'' (1953), p. 39.</ref>
<ref name="american">Quoted in Eric Foner, ''The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery'' (2010), p. 100.</ref>
<ref name="Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War">{{citar livro|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=F20ZsA5ZeeEC|page=184}} |título=Voices from the Gathering Storm: The Coming of the American Civil War |autor =Glenn M. Linden |ano=2001 |publicado=Rowman & Littlefield |local=United States |página=236 |isbn=978-0-8420-2999-5 |citação=Prevent, as far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing themselves, and our cause, by entertaining propositions for compromise of any sort, on slavery extension. There is no possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under again, and leaves all our work to do over again. Whether it be a Mo. Line, or Eli Thayer's Pop. Sov. It is all the same. Let either be done, & immediately filibustering and extending slavery recommences. On that point hold firm, as with a chain of steel. – Abraham Lincoln to Elihu B. Washburne, December 13, 1860}}</ref>
<ref name="AvalonProject">Winkler, E. [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_texsec.asp "A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union"]. ''Journal of the Secession Convention of Texas''. Retrieved October 16, 2007.</ref>
<ref name="william">William C. Davis, ''Look Away'', pp. 130–40.</ref>
<ref name="townsend">John Townsend, The Doom of Slavery in the Union, its Safety out of it, October 29, 1860.</ref>
<ref name="secessionist">Lipset looked at the secessionist vote in each Southern state in 1860–61. In each state he divided the counties into high, medium or low proportion of slaves. He found that in the 181 high-slavery counties, the vote was 72% for secession. In the 205 low-slavery counties. the vote was only 37% for secession. (And in the 153 middle counties, the vote for secession was in the middle at 60%). Seymour Martin Lipset, ''Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics'' (Doubleday, 1960), p. 349.</ref>
<ref name="schlesinger">Schlesinger ''Age of Jackson'', p. 190.</ref>
<ref name="sandford">Roger B. Taney: Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857).</ref>
<ref name="reconstruction">James G. Randall and David Donald, '' Civil War and Reconstruction'' (1961), p. 68.</ref>
<ref name="republican">Eric Foner. ''Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War'' (1970), p. 9.</ref>
<ref name="randall">Randall and Donald, p. 67.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson3">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', pp. 88–91.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson10">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', pp. 242, 255, 282–83. Maps on p. 101 (The Southern Economy) and p. 236 (The Progress of Secession) are also relevant.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson12">James McPherson, ''Drawn with the Sword'', p. 15.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson14">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', p. 195.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson15">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', p. 243.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson33">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', pp. 378–80.</ref>
<ref name="mcpherson34">McPherson, ''Battle Cry'', pp. 373–77.</ref>
<ref name="impending">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 201–04, 299–327.</ref>
<ref name="impending11">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 503–05.</ref>
<ref name="impending13">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', p. 275.</ref>
<ref name="impending16">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', p. 461.</ref>
<ref name="impending4">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', p. 208.</ref>
<ref name="impending5">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 208–09.</ref>
<ref name="impending6">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 210–11.</ref>
<ref name="impending7">David Potter. ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 212–13.</ref>
<ref name="impending8">David Potter, ''The Impending Crisis'', pp. 356–84.</ref>
<ref name="Texas12">A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union, February 2, 1861 – [http://www2.tsl.state.tx.us/ref/abouttx/secession/2feb1861.html A declaration of the causes which impel the State of Texas to secede from the Federal Union.]</ref>
<ref name="photography">Kathleen Collins, "The Scourged Back," History of Photography 9 (January 1985): 43–45.</ref>
<ref name="secession">Maury Klein, ''Days of Defiance: Sumter, Secession, and the Coming of the Civil War'' (1999).</ref>
<ref name="profession">Allan Peskin, ''Winfield Scott and the profession of arms'' (2003), pp. 249–52.</ref>
<ref name="international">Dean B. Mahin, ''One war at a time: the international dimensions of the American Civil War''(2000) ch 6</ref>
<ref name="heidler">Heidler, 1651–53.</ref>
<ref name="MissFacts">{{citar web|título=Civil War in Missouri Facts|url=http://home.usmo.com/~momollus/MOFACTS.HTM|ano=1998|acessodata=16 de outubro de 2007|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016074650/http://home.usmo.com/~momollus/MOFACTS.HTM|arquivodata=16 de outubro de 2007| url-status=live}}</ref>
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{{Guerra Civil Americana}}
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