|
[[Imagem:Dorotheenst Friedhof 1.jpg|thumb|Sepulturas no cemitério]]
O '''Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof''' ({{lang-de|'''Friedhof der Dorotheenstädtischen und Friedrichswerderschen Gemeinden''', abreviado como '''Dorotheenstädtischer Friedhof'''}}) é um cemitério protestante em [[Berlim]], [[Alemanha]], tombado como [[Património cultural|patrimônio cultural]], fundado na metade do [[século XVIII]]. A entrada para a área de 17.000 m<sup>2</sup> localiza-se na Chaussee Straße 126 (ao lado da casa Brecht, onde [[Bertolt Brecht]] e [[Helene Weigel]] viveram seus últimos anos, na Chaussee Straße 125). É também diretamente adjacente ao cemitério francês (também conhecido como cemitério dos hugenotes), estabelecido em 1780, com o qual é algumas vezes confundido.<ref>[http://friedhofsfinder.stiftung-historische-friedhoefe.de/friedhof/mitte/doro_f_werder/doro_frie.html Friedhof der Gemeinden Dorotheenstadt und Friedrichswerder]</ref>
[[ FileImagem:Dorotheenst Friedhof Schadow.jpg| thumbminiatura| leftesquerda| StatueEstátua ofde [[Johann Gottfried Schadow]] onem hissua gravesepultura, bypor [[Heinrich Kaehler]]]] ▼{{Tradução de||en|Dorotheenstadt cemetery}}
<!--
==History==
In the second half of the 18th century, Berlin's population was growing and there was insufficient land for cemeteries because of pressure to build on vacant land and fear of epidemics. Prussian King [[Frederick II of Prussia|Frederick II]], "the Great", donated land outside the Oranienburg Gate of the [[Berlin Customs Wall]] for this purpose; 4 cemeteries were established, of which the French cemetery and the Dorotheenstadt cemetery survive.<ref>Alfred Etzold and Wolfgang Türk, ''Der Dorotheenstädtische Friedhof: die Begräbnisstätten an der Berliner Chausseestrasse'', Berlin: Links, 1993, rev. ed. 2002, ISBN 3-86153-261-1, [http://books.google.com/books?id=AnNoCALUGLEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtische+Friedhof&hl=en&ei=C8_zTNGNEo_BcZbS4LwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=denn%20innerhalb%20der%20Stadtmauern%20reichte%20der%20Platz%20dazu%20nicht%20mehr.%20Diese%20neuen%20Friedh%C3%B6fe&f=false p. 8] {{de icon}}; the other 2 belonged to the Catholic parish of St. Hedwig and the Charité institution for the needy.</ref><ref>According to [http://friedhofsfinder.stiftung-historische-friedhoefe.de/friedhof/mitte/doro_f_werder/dor_fw_rest.htm Dorotheenstädisch-Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof - Sicherungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten], Stiftung Historische Friedhöfe Berlin-Brandenburg {{de icon}}, the land was given to the 2 parishes and the French cemetery to replace a previous jointly owned burial ground on which a barracks was built.</ref> The Dorotheenstadt cemetery was established jointly by the two (Protestant) parishes in the early 1760s;<ref>Etzold and Türk, [http://books.google.com/books?id=AnNoCALUGLEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtische+Friedhof&hl=en&ei=C8_zTNGNEo_BcZbS4LwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=1763%20er%C3%B6ffneten%20&f=false p. 30], 1763; Dorotheenstädisch-Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof - Sicherungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten, Stiftung Historische Friedhöfe Berlin-Brandenburg, 1762.</ref> burials began in 1770.<ref>Ev. Dorotheenstädtische und Friedrichswerdersche Gemeinde and der Luisenstädtische Bildungsverein e.V., "Berlin Dorotheenstädtischer Kirchhof Chausseestraße 126", pamphlet, quoted at [http://www.stiftung-historische-friedhoefe.de/friedhof/mitte/doro_f_werder/doro_frie.html Stiftung Historische Friedhöfe] (direct link disabled): ''Erste Bestattungen fanden im Jahre 1770 statt''.</ref>
Although initially mostly the lower classes were buried in the Dorotheenstadt cemetery, because of its proximity to Berlin University (founded 1810, since 1949 [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Humboldt University]]) and several scholarly academies (sciences, arts, architecture, singing), many prominent figures who worked and in many cases lived in Dorotheenstadt and Friedrichswerder have found their last resting place here.
▲[[File:Dorotheenst Friedhof Schadow.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of [[Johann Gottfried Schadow]] on his grave, by [[Heinrich Kaehler]]]]
As the social standing of those buried in the cemetery rose, numerous famous 19th-century artists and architects designed grave markers. For example, [[Johann Gottfried Schadow]] designed monuments for his second wife and himself. An 1822 statuette of Schadow by his student [[Heinrich Kaehler]] was placed on Schadow's grave in 1851. In 1975, a 1909 marble replica of Schadow's 1821 statue of [[Martin Luther]] for the marketplace in Wittenberg was placed at the end of the main axis of the cemetery. (It had previously been in the nearby Dorotheenstadt church, which was destroyed in [[World War II]].) The bust of the industrialist [[August Borsig]] was created by [[Christian Daniel Rauch]].
The cemetery was enlarged several times between 1814 and 1826.<ref>Pamphlet quoted at Stiftung Historische Friedhöfe, ''Zwischen 1814 und 1826 wurde der Dorotheenstädtische Kirchhof dreimal erheblich vergrößert''.</ref> In the 1830s the parishes separately acquired land for expansion elsewhere: Dorotheenstadt in [[Gesundbrunnen (Berlin)|Gesundbrunnen]], Friedrichswerder in [[Kreuzberg]].<ref>Etzold and Türk, [http://books.google.com/books?id=AnNoCALUGLEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtische+Friedhof&hl=en&ei=C8_zTNGNEo_BcZbS4LwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Kreuzberg&f=false p. 119].</ref><ref>Pamphlet cited at Stiftung Historische Friedhöfe: both in 1834.</ref> By the end of the 1860s, the original cemetery was full, and after 1869 burials were only permitted in already purchased plots. In 1889 some of the land was sold in connection with a road improvement project, and some important graves had to be relocated.<ref>Hannoversche Straße was the road in question: Etzold and Türk, [http://books.google.com/books?id=AnNoCALUGLEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtische+Friedhof&hl=en&ei=C8_zTNGNEo_BcZbS4LwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Hannoverschen%20Stra%C3%9Fe&f=false pp. 57, 70, 80].</ref> However, after the introduction of [[cremation]] the space pressure was no longer so great, and new plots were allowed beginning in 1921. The two parishes were combined in 1945 and administer their 3 cemeteries together.<ref>Etzold and Türk, [http://books.google.com/books?id=AnNoCALUGLEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dorotheenst%C3%A4dtische+Friedhof&hl=en&ei=C8_zTNGNEo_BcZbS4LwK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Nach%201945%20wurden%20die%20beiden%20Kirchengemeinden%20wieder%20vereint.%20Jetzt%20verwalten%20sie%20&f=false p. 119]</ref>
The cemetery has suffered in hard times: precious metals and iron ([[cast iron]] was a popular material for grave monuments in [[Prussia]] and they were produced at a royal foundry in Berlin) have been stolen from graves, in the 1930s some stones were sold to masons for reuse, and lack of money has hampered adequate upkeep. In World War II, the surrounding area was heavily damaged and the cemetery was also damaged. In the 1960s clearance of the site to create a park was proposed.
==Landmark protection and restoration==
Protection of the cemetery as a cultural landmark began in 1935 with an initial survey; it was listed in 1983. Between 2000 and 2006, 38 graves were restored, including those of [[Christian Daniel Rauch]], [[Johann Heinrich Strack]] and [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]]. The restoration of Strack's grave alone, requiring the importation of Italian marble, cost [[Euro|€]]250,000. The largest mausoleum, that of Schinkel's pupil, the architect [[Friedrich Hitzig]], was to be restored in 2007; it features [[fresco]]s that are now almost unique in Berlin and that were in a critical state. Future restoration work is expected to cost €6 million.
==Collective monuments==
===Resistance fighters===
The cemetery contains a monument to resistance fighters killed by the [[Nazi regime]]: a tall cross rises above a stone block bearing the names of [[Klaus Bonhoeffer]], [[Hans John]], [[Richard Kuenzer]], [[Carl Adolf Marks]], [[Wilhelm zur Nieden]], [[Friedrich Justus Perels]], [[Rüdiger Schleicher]] and [[Hans Ludwig Sierks]], who were involved in the [[20 July plot|20 July 1944 assassination plot against Adolf Hitler]] and were executed by the [[SS]] in a nearby park on the night of 22/23 April. The monument also commemorates [[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] and [[Hans von Dohnanyi]], who were killed in [[concentration camp]]s, and [[Justus Delbrück]], who survived the war but died soon after in Russian captivity.
Next to the memorial, a marker points to a mass grave of 64 people killed near the cemetery in the last days of the war, many of them unknowns.
===Academy of the Arts===
A small area surrounded by a low hedge is reserved for members of the nearby [[Akademie der Künste|Berlin Academy of Arts]], among others [[René Graetz]], [[Anna Seghers]], [[Erich Arendt]] and [[Lin Jaldati]], a Jew who survived three concentration camps to make a successful career as a dancer and singer of Jewish songs.
==Honorary graves==
Today the city of Berlin maintains a number of [[Ehrengrab|honorary grave]]s for people who made distinguished contributions in politics and culture, including [[Günter Gaus]], who headed the West German representative office in East Germany (located just on the other side of the cemetery wall) from 1974 to 1981; [[Herbert Marcuse]], philosopher of the [[Frankfurt School]] who was born in Berlin but emigrated to the US in 1933 (2003); composer [[Hanns Eisler]]; [[Hans Mayer]], a professor of literature who emigrated from East Germany in 1963 (2001); the playwright [[Heiner Müller]] (1995: a bird bath shaped like an ash tray adorns the notorious cigar smoker's grave); and [[Johannes Rau]], the eighth president of West Germany, who expressly wished to be buried here (2007).
In his song ''Der Hugenottenfriedhof'' (1969) East German dissident singer [[Wolf Biermann]], who lived nearby at Chausseestraße 131, mentions the adjacent cemetery and some of those who are buried in this one (Brecht, Weigel, Hegel, Eisler, Langhoff, Heartfield, Becher).
-->
==Personalidades==
[[Imagem:Grave-of-Herbert-Marcuse.jpg||thumb|uprightminiatura|Sepultura de [[Herbert Marcuse]]; ''Weitermachen'' significa "continuar."]]
*[[Rudolf Bahro]] (1935–1997), Eastjornalista Germane journalistdissidente undda dissidentAlemanha Ocidental
*[[Johannes R. Becher]] (1891–1958), Eastescritor Germane writerMinistro andda MinisterCultura ofda CultureAlemanha Ocidental
*[[Frank Beyer]] (1932–2006), Eastdiretor Germande filmcinema directorda Alemanha Ocidental
*[[Dietrich Bonhoeffer]] (memorial, nosem gravesepultura) (1906–1945), theologianteólogo ande resistente anti-Nazi resistornazista
*[[Klaus Bonhoeffer]] (1901–1945), resistente anti-Nazi resistornazista
*[[August Borsig]] (1804–1854), industrialistindustrial
*[[Bertolt Brecht]] (1898–1956), poeta, author and playwright
*[[Paul Dessau]] (1894–1979), compositor
*[[Hans von Dohnanyi]] (1902–1945), resistente anti-Nazi resistornazista
*[[Hanns Eisler]] (1898–1962), compositor
*[[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]] (1762–1814), filósofo
*[[Günter Gaus]] (1929–2004), Westjornalista Germane journalistpolítico andda politicianAlemanha Ocidental
*[[Erwin Geschonneck]] (1906–2008), ator
*[[Friedrich Goldmann]] (1941–2009), composer and conductorcompositor
*[[John Heartfield]] (1891–1968), artista
*[[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] (1770–1831), filósofo
*[[Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland]] (1762–1836), médico
*[[Jürgen Kuczynski]] (1904–1997), historiador e economista
*[[Ernst Litfaß]] (1816–1871), inventor of thedo ''Litfass kiosk''
*[[Heinrich Mann]] (1871–1950), authorescritor
*[[Herbert Marcuse]] (1898–1979), philosopherfilósofo
*[[Hans Mayer]] (1907–2001), writer and literary scholar escritor
*[[Heiner Müller]] (1929–1995), playwrightroteirista
*[[Johannes Rau]] (1931–2006), presidente da Alemanha (1999–2004)
*[[Christian Daniel Rauch]] (1777–1857), escultor
*[[Johann Gottfried Schadow]] (1764–1850), sculptorescultor e artista
*[[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]] (1781–1841), architectarquiteto
*[[Anna Seghers]] (1900–1983), authorescritor
*[[Friedrich August Stüler]] (1800–1865), architectarquiteto
*[[George Tabori]] (1914–2007), theaterdiretor directorde and authorteatro
*[[Helene Weigel]] (1900–1971), Eastatriz Germanda actressAlemanha and theater directorOcidental
*[[Christa Wolf]] (1929–2011), authorescritor
*[[Arnold Zweig]] (1887–1968), Eastescritor Germanda authorAlemanha Ocidental
{{Referências}}
| 