Chichimecas: diferenças entre revisões
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== Etimologia ==
A palavra "Chichimeca" foi originalmente usada pelos [[nahuas]] para descrever a sua própria pré-história como povo nómada de caçadores-colectores e usada em contraste com o seu modo de vida posterior, mais civilizado, que identificavam com o termo ''[[tolteca]]tl''.<ref> Um termo que também causou confusão aos estudiosos, ao ser interpretado como um verdadeiro grupo étnico.</ref> No México moderno, a palavra "Chichimeca" pode ter [[conotação|conotações]] pejorativas tais como primitivo, selvagem e nativo, e pode ser utilizada como o termo apache é utilizado no inglês dos Estados Unidos.
▲The [[Nahuatl language|Nahuatl]] name ''Chīchīmēcah'' (plural, singular ''Chīchīmēcatl;'' pronounced {{IPA|[tʃiːtʃiːˈmeːkaʔ]}}) means "inhabitants of Chichiman"; the placename Chichiman itself means "Area of Milk". It is sometimes said to be related to ''chichi'' "dog", but the i's in ''chichi'' are short while those in ''Chīchīmēcah'' are long, a [[phoneme|phonemic]] distinction in Nahuatl.<ref>See Andrews 2003 (pp.496 and 507), Karttunen 1983 (p.48), and Lockhart 2001 (p.214)</ref> The word could either have a negative "barbarous" sense, or a positive "[[noble savage]]" sense.<ref>Karttunen (1983), p.48.</ref>
==Descrições etno-históricas==
As primeiras descrições de ''chichimecas'' pertencem ao período inicial da conquista espanhola. Em [[1562]], [[Hernán Cortés]] escreve numa das suas carta sobre as tribos chichimecas nortenhas, que estas não eram tão civilizadas como os [[astecas]] que ele havia derrotado, comentando no entanto, que podiam ser escravizados e usados nos trabalhos das [[mina]]s.
Esta abordagem foi seguida por [[Nuño Beltrán de Guzmán]] cujas tentativas de escravizar as populações indígenas do norte do México provocaram a [[Rebelião Mixtón]] na qual as tribos chichimecas se opuseram às forças espanholas.
<!--In the late sixteenth century, an account of the Chichimecs was written by [[Gonzalo de las Casas]] who had received an ''[[encomienda]]'' near Durango and partook first-hand in the wars against the Chichimec peoples — the Pames, The Guachichiles, the Guamari and the Zacatecos who lived in the area which was called "[[La Gran Chichimeca]]." Las Casas' account was called "Report of the Chichimeca and the justness of the war against them," and contained ethnographic information about the peoples called Chichimecs. He wrote that they did not use clothes (only to cover their genitalia), painted their bodies and ate only game, roots and berries. He mentions as further proof of their barbarity that Chichimec women having given birth continued travelling on the same day without stopping to recover.<ref>As cited in Gradie (1994).</ref> While las Casas recognized that the Chichimecan tribes spoke different languages he saw their culture as primarily uniform.
In [[1590]], the Franciscan priest [[Alonso Ponce]] commented that the Chichimeca had no religion because they did not even worship idols such as the other peoples - in his eyes another symptom of their barbarous nature. The only somewhat nuanced description of the Chichimeca is found in [[Bernardino de Sahagún]]'s ''[[Florentine Codex|Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España]]'' in which some Chichimec people such as the [[Otomi people|Otomi]] were described as knowing agriculture, living in settled communities, and having a religion devoted to the worship of the Moon.
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[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures of Mexico]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
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