Obra do próprio based on:

• Barnett, R. D. (1991) "Urartu" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 314–371 ISBN: 978-1-139-05428-7.
• Batty, Roger (2007) Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 204−214 ISBN: 978-0-198-14936-1.
• Brinkman (1991) "Babylonia in the Shadow of Assyria" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1−70 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4.
• Diakonoff, I. M. (1985) "Media" em The Cambridge History of Iran: Volume, 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN: 978-0-521-20091-2.
• Grayson, A. K. (1991) "Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 103–141 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4.
• Grousset, René (1970) The Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press ISBN: 0-8135-1304-9.
• Harmatta, János (1996) "The Scythians" em History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., 3, UNESCO, pp. 181–182 ISBN: 923102812X.
• Hawkins, J. D. (1991) "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 372−441 ISBN: 978-1-139-05428-7.
• Ivantchik, Askold (1993) (em francês) Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient, Fribourg, Switzerland; Göttingen, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (Germany) ISBN: 978-3-727-80876-0.
• Ivantchik, Askold (2018). Scythians. Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Loehr, Max (1955). "The Stag Image in Scythia and the Far East". Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America 9: 63-76. Chinese Art Society of America.
• Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000) "Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" em Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, pp. 101–140 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8.
• Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000) "The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources" em Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka, pp. 71−99 ISBN: 978-8-371-88337-8.
• Phillips, E. D. (1972). "The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology". World Archaeology 4 (2): 129–138. DOI:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527.
• Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978). "The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications". Journal of the American Oriental Society 98 (4): 400–409. DOI:10.2307/599752.
• Spalinger, Anthony (1978). "Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II". Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 15: 49–57. DOI:10.2307/40000130.
• Sulimirski, T. (1954). "Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia". Artibus Asiae 17 (3): 282-318. Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae Publishers.
• ; Tadeusz Sulimirski, T. F. Taylor (1991) "The Scythians" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 3.2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 547–590 ISBN: 978-1-139-05429-4.
• Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R. (1991). Cimmerians. Encyclopædia Iranica.
• Vaggione, Richard P. (1973). "Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus". Journal of Biblical Literature 92 (4): 523-530. DOI:10.2307/3263121.
• Young, T. Cuyler (1988) "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses" em The Cambridge Ancient History, 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–52 ISBN: 978-0-521-22804-6.
• Background from [1]