Usuário(a):Iara pierro/Alexey Brodovich

Alexey Brodovitch
Alexey Brodovitch.jpg
Nascimento	1898 Ogolitchi, Russian Empire (now Belarus)
Morte	April 15, Predefinição:Death year and age Le Thor, France
Cônjuge	Nina
Filho(a)(s)	Son, Nikita
Ocupação	Art Director, Photographer

Alexey Cheslavovich Brodovitch (conhecido como Brodovich; em russo: Алексей Чеславович Бродович; 1898 –15 de abril, 1971) nascido na Rússia, foi fotógrafo, designer e instrutor, que ficou mais famoso por sua direção de arte da revista de moda Harper's Bazaar de 1938 a 1958.

Origem

Alexey Brodovitch nasceu em 1898, na cidade de Ogolitchi (Rússia), em uma família rica. Seu pai, Cheslav Brodovitch, era um médico respeitado, psiquiatra e caçador. Sua mãe era uma pintora, mesmo que não profissional. Durante a Guerra Russo-Japonesa, a sua família mudou-se para Moscou, onde seu pai trabalhou em um hospital para prisioneiros japoneses. Alexey foi enviado para estudar na Prince Tenisheff School, uma instituição de prestígio em São Petersburgo, com a intenção de, eventualmente, se matricular na Academia de Arte Imperial. Ele não teve nenhum treinamento formal em arte durante sua infância, mas muitas vezes esboçou perfis nobres na platéia durente shows na cidade.

Carreira militar

No início da I Guerra Mundial na tenra idade de 16 anos, Brodovitch abandonou sua Brodovitch sonho de entrar na Academia de Arte Imperial e fugiu de casa para se juntar ao Exército Russo. Não muito tempo depois, seu pai o trouxe para casa e contratou um professor particular para ajudar Alexey a terminar os estudos. Após graduar-se, Brodovitch fugiu novamente em várias ocasiões. Ele lembra:

Depois de uma semana ou mais, eu fugi para a linha de frente a fim de matar alemães. Mas meu pai, agora um general militar à frente do trem do Hospital da Cruz Vermelha, tinha muita influência, e eu logo fui levado de volta para ele. No trem de volta, eu fui empregado como auxiliar de enfermagem. Na Prússia Oriental eu fugi novamente e me juntei a um regimento próximo. Mais uma vez eu fui pego, e desta vez fui enviado para a escola de oficiais, o "Corps de Pages".

Durante a Guerra Civil Russa, Brodovitch serviu com o Exército Branco. Enquanto lutava contra os bolcheviques em Odessa, ele ficou gravemente ferido e foi hospitalizado por um tempo em Kislovodsk, no Cáucaso. Em 1918, Em 1918, a cidade foi cercada pelos bolcheviques, forçando Brodovitch para o exílio. Foi durante este retiro para o sul através do Cáucaso e Turquia, que ele conheceu sua futura esposa, Nina.

Por sorte, o irmão de Alexey, Nicolas era um dos soldados que guardavam os refugiados em Novorossiysk. Não muito tempo depois, seu pai, que tinha sido preso em São Petersburgo pelos bolcheviques, conseguiu fugir para Novorossiysk na esperança de encontrar sua família. Os três estavam mais uma vez juntos, e, com a ajuda da mãe Brodovitch e outras pessoas, conseguiram se encontrar com o restante da família em Constantinopla. Finalmente reunidos, os Brodovitchs foram para a França.

Influential years in Paris

Um emigrante

Ao chegar em Paris, Brodovitch queria ser pintor. Como emigrante russo em Paris, Brodovitch encontrou-se pobre e teve que trabalhar pela primeira vez em sua vida. Ele conseguiu um emprego como pintor de casas, enquanto sua esposa Nina trabalhava como costureira. Eles viviam em um pequeno e barato apartamento em Montparnasse, entre outros artistas russos que se estabeleceram em Paris, no final do século 19. Este grupo de artistas, incluindo Archipenko, Chagall, e Nathan Altman, se encontrava, na barata Academia de Vassilieff, que oferecia aulas de pintura e escultura sem um instrutor. As ligações entre Brodovitch e estes jovens artistas russos, levaram a um trabalho mais artístico como pintor de pano de fundo para Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

Paris era uma cidade cosmopolita, através do qual muitos artistas e movimentos artísticos passaram. Brodovitch foi exposto a tudo, desde o dadaísmo de Zurique e Berlin, Suprematismo e Construtivismo de Moscou, Bauhaus design da Alemanha, Futurismo da Itália, De Stijl da Holanda, e as estirpes nativas do Cubismo, Fauvismo, Purismo and Surrealismo. Entre essas diversas influências artísticas, Brodovitch encontrou sua iniciação como designer.

A mudança para artes gráficas

Em noites e fins de semana longe dos Balés Russos, Brodovitch começou a desenhar projetos para têxteis, porcelana, e jóias. Quando o seu trabalho para o balé terminou, ele já havia compilado um vasto portfólio de projetos paralelos e estava vendendo-os para lojas de moda. Ele trabalhava metade do tempo fazendo layouts para Cahiers d'Art, uma importante revista de artes, e Arts et Métiers Graphiques, uma revista de design influente. Enquanto trabalhava em layouts, Brodovitch era responsável por diagramar tipos, fotografias, e ilustrações nas páginas das revistas. Ele teve a rara oportunidade de influenciar o visual da revista como nenhum outro diretor de arte.

He gained public recognition for his work in the commercial arts by winning first prize in a poster competition for an artists' soiree called Le Bal Banal on March 24, 1924. The poster was exhibited on walls all over Montparnasse along with a drawing by Picasso, who took second place.

Brodovitch remained proud of this poster throughout his career, always keeping a copy of it pinned to his studio wall. The graphic, light-to-dark inversion of its mask shape, type, and background suggest not only the process of photography, but also represents the process of trading one's identity for another when wearing a mask. It is the oldest surviving work by Brodovitch. He continued to gain recognition as an applied artist due to his success at the Paris International Exhibit of the Decorative Arts in 1925. He received five medals: three gold medals for kiosk design and jewelry, two silver medals for fabrics, and the top award for the Beck Fils pavilion "Amour de l'Art."

After these wins, Brodovitch's career as an applied artist took off. In 1928 he was hired by Athélia, the design studio of the Parisian department store Aux Trois Quartiers, to design and illustrate catalogues and advertisements for their luxury men's boutique, Madelios. Brodovitch was aware that many of the customers were fairly traditional in their tastes, so he balanced out his modern designs with classical Greek references.

Although employed full-time by Athélia, Brodovitch offered his service as a freelance designer on the side. He started his own studio, L'Atelier A.B., where he produced posters for various clients, including Union Radio Paris and the Cunard shipping company. He was also commissioned by the Parisian publishing house La Pléiade to illustrate three books: Nouvelles by Alexander Pushkin, Contes Fantastiques by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, and Monsieur de Bougrelon by Jean Lorrain.

Brodovitch embraced technical developments from the spheres of industrial design, photography, and contemporary painting. His broad curiosity began to assimilate the most interesting aspects of all these fields into his work, eventually making them his own. He later instilled this same curiosity in his students, encouraging them to use new techniques like the air brush, industrial lacquers, flexible steel needles, and surgical knives.

By the age of 32, Brodovitch had dabbled in producing posters, china, jewelry, textiles, advertisements, and paintings. Eventually specializing in advertising and graphic design, he had become one of the most respected designers of commercial art in Paris. By 1930, however, Paris had lost its luster for Brodovitch. The once-flourishing spirit of adventure and experimentation was fading away. Although he was offered many design positions, Brodovitch turned them down, presumably looking for new locales to advance his designs.

Brodovitch as instructor

A new approach to teaching

While still living in Paris, Brodovitch was offered a job by John Story Jenks, the father of a young girl Brodovitch had shown around the arts scene in Paris. Jenks, a trustee of the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art (currently the University of the Arts), was overwhelmed by Brodovitch's talents and asked him to head the school's Advertising Design Department. In September 1930, Brodovitch moved to Philadelphia with his wife and son to take the job. Brodovitch began teaching advertising design, creating a special department devoted to the subject.

Brodovitch's task was to bring American advertising design up to the level of Europe's, which was thought to have a far more modern spirit. Before his arrival, advertising students were simply copying the magazine styles of N. C. Wyeth and Howard Pyle. The illustrations were beautiful, but had evolved from the tradition of 19th-century romantic realism, a thing of the past. Brodovitch's teaching technique, on the other hand, was unlike any other the students had been exposed to. He would always teach with a visual aid. Brodovitch would bring into class French and German magazines to examine the pages with his students, explaining the artist's work or technique. He would raise questions like, "Could this line be better? Could it be like, for example, Cocteau?" When not in the classroom, Brodovitch would take the class on outings around Philadelphia to see factories, laboratories, shopping centers, housing projects, dumps, and the zoo. The students were then told to make a "graphic impression" of what they had seen, whether a photographic interpretation, a drawing, or an abstraction. Brodovitch did not teach in the conventional sense, but rather compelled his students to discover one's inner, creative resources.

Design laboratory

In 1933, Brodovitch added the Design Laboratory to the classes he offered. It was meant to be a workshop for his advanced students who wanted to experiment with all aspects of design. Brodovitch shared the Bauhaus belief that you needed to educate the whole individual by directing his or her attention to a variety of modern solutions in their graphic projects. His course description for the Design Laboratory read:

The aim of the course is to help the student to discover his individuality, crystallize his taste, and develop his feeling for the contemporary trend by stimulating his sense of invention and perfecting his technical ability. The course is conducted as an experimental laboratory, inspired by the ever-changing tempo of life, discovery of new techniques, new fields of operation...in close contact with current problems of leading magazines, department stores, advertising agencies and manufactures. Subjects include design, layout, type, poster, reportage, illustration, magazine make-up, package and product design, display, styling, art directing.

The lab was split into two sections per week, one for design and one for photography. The workshops were immensely popular, and it was not unusual for more than sixty people to show up to his class on the first night. Among the photographers who attended his classes were Diane Arbus, Eve Arnold, Richard Avedon, Lisette Model, and Garry Winogrand.

Students on Brodovitch

• "He taught me to be intolerant of mediocrity. He taught me to worship the unknown." - Art Kane, fashion and music photographer
• "I learned from him that if, when you look in your camera, you see an image you have ever seen before, don't click the shutter." - Hiro, fashion photographer

Notable students

Graduates of these early courses went on to prominent careers in the field. Brodovitch's department came to be known as a 'prep school' for agencies and magazines around the country.

• Richard Avedon
• Marvin Israel
• Lillian Bassman
• Ryszard Horowitz
• Paul Himmel
• Hiro
• Roy Faulconer
• Mary Fullerton, assistant to Brodovitch at Harper's Bazaar and art director of Mademoiselle
• Stewart Graves
• Joseph Gering, Brides
• Robert Greenwell, art director of RCA Records
• Nelson Gruppo, art director at Stage, Promenade, and This Week
• Joe Jones, House Beautiful
• Elizabeth Lovett
• Allan Porter, editor in chief Camera magazine
• Alfred Lowrey, art director at Good Housekeeping, American Weekly, and Newsweek
• Ed Schartzer, with N. W. Ayer and Son
• David Steck, Life Magazine
• Victor Trasoff, art director of CBS
• Irving Penn Vogue Magazine
• Ted Croner
• Arthur Boden, art director at IBM

Harper's Bazaar

In spring of 1934, the Art Directors Club of New York asked Brodovitch to design their "13th Annual Art Directors Exhibition" at the Rockefeller Center, New York. It was there that Carmel Snow, the recently appointed editor-in-chief of Harper's Bazaar, saw Brodovitch's work for the first time. She knew right away that Brodovitch would be the one to transform the magazine into a real revival of Vogue, where she had started her career.

I saw a fresh, new conception of layout technique that struck me like a revelation: pages that "bled" beautifully cropped photographs, typography and design that were bold and arresting. Within ten minutes I had asked Brodovitch to have cocktails with me, and that evening I signed him to a provisional contract as art director.

The offer was, of course, dependent on the approval of the owner of Harper's Bazaar, William Randolph Hearst. Brodovitch eagerly returned to Philadelphia and assigned his students apprenticing at his Van Pelt Street studio to make two dummy issues of the magazine. He insisted that each page have a "shock value" of its own to set the magazine apart, "cutting paper dolls out of patterned paper, or illustration perfume bottles to look like high key photography - whatever was unlike other fashion magazines was tried." Although preferring more conservative design, Hearst put his trust in Carmel Snow and allowed her to take on Brodovitch as art director where he remained for 24 years.

The new look of Harper's Bazaar emphasized culture for its own sake. Taking advantage of Brodovitch's contacts in Europe and his wide knowledge of photography, the magazine introduced the work of may artists and photographers to its American audience. Before starting at Harper's Bazaar, Brodovitch organized a return trip to France, hoping to convince old friends to work with him at the magazine. Each summer he would return to offer commissions to artists and photographers until 1939 when the start of World War II made it impossible. By continually bringing in creative forces from overseas, he kept the magazine permanently fresh and cutting-edge. Among the artists that worked for Bazaar were Jean Cocteau, Raoul Dufy, Leonor Fini, Marc Chagall, Man Ray and A. M. Cassandre, the most eminent poster artist in France at the time, replacing the former cover favorite, Erté.

The style of Harper's

To those who worked with him at Azar, the pinnacle of Brodovitch's career as a designer was the unfailing elegance of his pages. This elegance, combined with an element of innovation was the ideal mix for a fashion magazine. The quality that guaranteed his success was his devotion to the new, unending surprise and vitality. Frances MacFadden, Bazaar's managing editor for much of Brodovitch's tenure, explained his working method:

It was a pleasure to watch him work. He was so swift and sure. In emergencies, like the time the Clipper bearing the report of the Paris Collections was held up in Bermuda, his speed was dazzling. A quick splash or two on the cutting board, a minute's juggling of the photostats, a slather of art gum, and the sixteen pages were complete. His layouts, of course, were the despair of copywriters whose cherished tone poems on girdles or minks had to be sacrificed to his sacred white space. Just before we went to press, all the layouts were laid out in sequence on Carmel Snow's floor, and there, under his eye, re-arranged until the rhythm of the magazine suited him.

Typically, Brodovitch would begin his layouts by designing the layouts as illustrations by hand. His assistant would receive these sketches to look over, but the photographers and freelance writers were often given little or no direction at all besides to come up with something new and unusual. When the photographs for the issue arrived, he would pick the most visually interesting and have a variety of sizes of reproductions made on a photostat machine. From these, each spread would be made one at a time, then arranged among the others to create a well-paced magazine.

His style for the magazine was radically different than any of its contemporaries. Brodovitch wanted his spreads to be innovative and fresh. While other fashion magazines thought it important to show the whole garment, Brodovitch would crop images unexpectedly or off-center to bring a new dynamism to the layout. He used forms in the photographs or illustrations as a cue for how to handle the shape of the text. In his earlier layouts, he would arrange photographs like playing cards, splayed out on the page or in the shape of a fan. Later in his career, however, he abandoned this technique in favor of using only one or two images to a page. Surrealism found its way onto the pages of the magazines in various experimental forms. For example, Brodovitch once used fashion photographs sent via radio from Paris to New York in blurry forms to communicate this new way of sharing information. Designs also included torn edges on photographs, or pages made to look as they had been torn through with a woman's figure stepping out of them. The motif of isolated body parts, another common Surrealist theme, could be seen on the covers and spreads of Harper's in the form of lips, hands, and eyes.

Brodovitch was sensitive to the fact that color was relatively new in magazines, with laborious preparation and high costs. By using process or second color inventively, Brodovitch was able to give the magazine an added sense of currency and luxury. He applied color to his layouts expressively, often choosing to use colors bolder than might be seen in the real world. Even after full-color reproduction became standard practice, he still used broad swaths of single colors for bold emphasis.

In terms of photography, Brodovitch had a distinct feel for what the magazine needed. He favored on-location fashion photography as opposed to the studio shots normally used in other fashion publications. He urged his photographers to look for jarring juxtapositions in their images. One such spread features a woman in a full-length Dior gown posed between two circus elephants. The cinematic effect, a trademark characteristic of his layouts, involved using photographs as if they were stills from a film. He would repeat a pose or a dress several times across a spread to give a narrative, temporal feeling. At times, Brodovitch would arbitrarily take a series of photographs and adopt a story line to go with them, as though recapping a movie. He was known to push this idea even further by adding film sprocket borders to photographs at times. Brodovitch also often emphasized spatial illusions, using type and photographs to create multiple perspectives within a space. The notion of mirroring and doubling also interested him, as can be seen in how he paired similar pictures on a spread or dividing halves of one image across the gutter of the page.

With this goal of story-telling, Harper's Bazaar can be seen as an example of a mediascape, in that Brodovitch was trying to construct a reality for the imaginations of the readers. He would create versions of small movie stills or spreads in which woman were supposed to see themselves rather than the model. For example, he would often use a model's silhouette rather than her whole form, or keep her face in shadow, so that any reader could place themselves in those fashions, leading a charmed life. The result would be a magazine of images "out of which scripts can be formed of imagined lives."

Other works

Typeface

Brodovitch designed his own typeface in 1949. "Al-Bro", an abbreviation of his name, has broad and narrow strokes inspired by the symbols of musical notation. A layout showcasing the typeface was included in Portfolio #1, winter 1950.

Portfolio

In 1949, Brodovitch collaborated in the production of the revolutionary publication Portfolio. It has been widely acknowledged as perhaps the definitive graphic design magazine of the twentieth century. The idea for the publication came from art director Frank Zachary. He wanted to put out a magazine that focused solely on art and design, but was at the same time an outstanding example of design itself. Brodovitch was intrigued by the concept. Although he enjoyed his work at Harper's Bazaar, the limitations of space and subject matter often cramped his creative style. Portfolio freed him from the practical and aesthetic restraints to which he had grown accustomed. The pages of the publication were space for his graphic imagination to run wild. George S. Rosenthal, whose family owned a printing company dedicated to mass-market pictorial paperbacks, signed on too.

With such great capital spent on publicity, Zachary and Rosenthal decided Portfolio would have to include advertising. Upon seeing the advertisements, however, they could not bear to ruin the look and feel of the publication by running them. It was decided that Portfolio would run without the aesthetic burden of advertising, freeing up more space for the overall design. Brodovitch was responsible for sorting through the articles and illustrations to create the spreads. Zachary described watching Brodovitch in action:

He'd go through the stuff fast, really fast, and pick out always the right thing, you know, and then he would mark it up [for copying], an inch, inch and a half, two and a half inches... But anyhow, I'd go back to see him, he'd have these dam[n] 'stats all over the floor, ankle deep in them, and he would look around, pick one up, until there were six or eight or ten and then he'd lay them out and it worked... that was the magic of it, you know?"

Inside Portfolio, Brodovitch promoted features devoted to respected artists and designers, contributed articles on vernacular design, and made wildly imaginative layouts. The magazine encompassed an array of subject matter and design styles. Works of great French poets were interspersed with off-beat articles about graffiti by hobos. It was a beautifully composed mix-up of all things art. Unfortunately, the publication lasted only three issues. The no-expense-spared ethos of the magazine, paired with the lack of advertising, caused the magazine to quickly fold.

Ballet

Between 1935 and 1937, Brodovitch photographed several ballet companies, including the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, during their visits to New York on world tours. Although at the time he claimed the photos were only meant to be souvenirs, they evolved into something greater. The style in which Brodovitch photographed deviated from the sharp, straight photography popular at the time. According to one colleague, his images "spat in the face of technique and pointed out a new way in which photographers could work."

Brodovitch released a book of these photographs in 1945, titled simply Ballet, through a small New York publisher. The book contains 104 photographs of several ballets and is divided into eleven segments, one for each ballet performance. On the contents page, Brodovitch introduces each chapter in a typographic style that emulates the feel of the dance it is describing. He photographed with a Contax 35mm camera, no flash, and with a slow film speed. The blurred figures of the dancers allow the viewer to not only feel the music, but also to follow the line of the dancer's limbs mid-step. The images beautifully capture the atmosphere on-stage, the frenzied behind-the-scenes action backstage, and the magical moments of the ballet. By bleeding the blurred, grainy pictures off the pages and into the gutters, he communicated the emotional impact of the dance without words.

Observations

Brodovitch's work as a book designer can also be seen in Observations, a collection of photographs by Richard Avedon and commentary by Truman Capote, both regular contributors to Harper's Bazaar. In Observations, each spread shifts between pages of silhouetted images and pages of rectangular blocks of images and text, framed by ample stretches of white space. Although simple and elegant, the layout of the book has an enormous amount of visual variety.

Declining health

Already suffering ill health, Brodovitch was plunged into an acute state of depression over the death of his wife, Nina. Over the next two years, Brodovitch was sent to various hospitals on numerous occasions to cure his worsening depression and alcoholism. Throughout these hospital stays, however, Brodovitch had an incessant desire to start new projects. At one point, he began compiling an autobiography, but it was never put together. Brodovitch received a small Minox camera from an old student, Ben Rose, visiting him at Manhattan State Hospital. He slipped the camera in an old box of Pall Mall cigarettes and discretely began to photograph his fellow patients. Brodovitch would often decide to discharge himself before the treatments had run course. He was so ill, however, that he would be back before the end of the day.

With no pension or regular salary from Harper's Bazaar, Brodovitch was faced with mounting hospital bills. He often lost the little freelance work he was able to scrounge up due to his unwillingness to compromise with the clients. Poor health left him unable to show up to the Design Laboratory workshops on a regular basis. When Brodovitch stopped coming all together, a few students halfheartedly tried to keep the class going in his honor. Without its creator, though, the Lab came to an end.

In 1966, Brodovitch fell and broke his hip. Physically and financially in a poor state, he moved back to France with his son Nikita to be closer to his many relatives. Two years later, he relocated to Le Thor, a small village even closer to his family in Avignon. He died three years later at age 73.

After death

• 1971 Doctor of Fine Arts Degree conferred posthumously by the Philadelphia College of Art.
• 1972 "Alexey Brodovitch and His Influence" exhibition at the Philadelphia College of Art. Inducted into the Art Directors Club Hall of Fame, New York.
• 1982 "Hommage à Alexey Brodovitch" exhibition at Grand-Palais, Paris.
• '2002' Publication of Alexey Brodovitch. By Kerry William Purcell. (New York: Phaidon Press, 2002)

See also

• List of AIGA medalists

General references

• "A Dash of Daring: Carmel Snow and Her Life in Fashion, Art, and Letters." Publishers Weekly, 252.38 (2005).
• Appaduria, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. University of Minnesota Press, 1996.
• Brodovitch, Alexey, and Gabriel Bauret. Alexey Brodovitch. Paris: Assouline, 1998.
• Brodovitch, Alexey. "Aphorisms." Popular Photography, 49; December, 1961, p92.
• Brodovitch, Alexey. "Brodovitch on Photography." Popular Photography, 49; December, 1961, p82-83.
• Brodovitch, Alexey, and Franklin Institute (Philadelphia, Pa.). Graphic arts section. New Poster; International Exposition of Design in Outdoor Advertising, the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Nineteen-Thirty-Seven. Philadelphia: Beck engraving company, 1937.
• Brodovitch, Alexey, and Galeries nationales du Grand Palais (France). Alexey, Brodovitch : [Exposition, Grand-Palais, Paris, 27 Octobre-29 Novembre 1982]. Paris: Ministère de la culture, 1982
• Brodovitch, Alexey, and Philadelphia College of Art. Alexey Brodovitch and His Influence; [Exhibition and Catalogue. Philadelphia: Philadelphia College of Art, 1972.
• Brodovitch, Alexey. "Libres de miseria." Art and Industry, 39; September, 1945, p69.

• Brodovitch, Alexey. "What Pleases the Modern Man." Commercial Art, 9; August, 1930, p60-70.
• Brodovitch, Alexey, et al. The Enduring Legacy of Alexey Brodovitch : Two Concurrent Exhibitions on Design and Photography : "Brodovitch ... the Human Equation", the Herb Lubalin Study Center of Design and Typography ; "Astonish Me: The Impact of Alexey Brodivitch", Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. Gallery. New York: Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, 1994.
• Coyne, Jean A. "Pioneers: Henry Wolf." Communication arts 48.8 (2007): 86.
• Coyne, Patrick. "Alexey Brodovitch." Communication Arts, 44.8 (2003): 102-105.
• Grundberg, Andy. Brodovitch. New York: Documents of American Design : H.N. Abrams, 1989.
• Morris, Holly. "Photo Finish." U.S.news world report 133.17 (2002): 52.
• Purcell, Kerry William. Alexey Brodovitch. London: Phaidon Press, 2002.
• Rogers, Michael. "Penn, Irving. Irving Penn: A Career in Photography." Library Journal, 132.4 (2007): p125.
• Sherin, Aaris. "Style Book." Print, 60.2 (2006): 48-55.
• Tomkins, Calvin. "The World of Carmel Snow." New Yorker, 70.36 (1994): 148-158.

External links

• Biography on Brodovitch at Iconofgraphics.com
• Biography on Brodovitch at AIGA website
• Alexey Brodovitch at biographer Kerry William Purcell's website