Cânfora: diferenças entre revisões
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== Usos ==
As propriedades químicas e bioquímicas da cânfora, aliadas à capacidade de rápida [[Sublimação (transição de fase)|sublimação]], dão a este composto utilizações diversificadas. Os usos modernos da cânfora são múltiplos: para além dos usos farmacológicos, é utilizada como [[plastificante]] do [[nitrato de celulose]] em explosivos e em [[pirotecnia]], como repelente de [[traça]]s, como substância [[Antimicrobiano|antimicrobiana]]
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===Explosivos===
Camphor is used as a plasticizer for [[nitrocellulose]], an ingredient for [[fireworks]] and explosive munitions.
During the late 19th Century, as Western manufacturers developed machine guns and other rapid fire ordnance, it became imperative to reduce the smoke that obscured battlefields and revealed hidden gun emplacements. Camphor was an essential component in the production of smokeless gunpowder. Also, the new smokeless powder did not foul the weapons as much as conventional gunpowder.<ref>Rubinstein, M. A. 2015, ''Taiwan: A New History'', London: Routledge. ISBN 1317459075</ref>
===Pest deterrent and preservative===
Camphor is believed to be toxic to insects and is thus sometimes used as a repellent.<ref>The Housekeeper's Almanac, or, the Young Wife's Oracle! for 1840!. No. 134. New-York: Elton, 1840. Print.</ref> Camphor is used to make [[mothball]]s. Camphor crystals are sometimes used to prevent damage to [[insect collecting|insect collections]] by other small insects. It is kept in clothes used on special occasions and festivals, and also in cupboard corners as a cockroach repellent.
Camphor is also used as an [[antimicrobial]] substance. In [[embalming]], camphor oil was one of the ingredients used by ancient Egyptians for mummification.<ref>http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn1475-mummymaking-complexity-revealed.html#.VKVwGMksoow</ref>
Solid camphor releases fumes that form a [[rust]]-preventative coating and is therefore stored in tool chests to protect tools against rust.<ref>[http://www.cabinetshoptips.com/ Tips for Cabinet Making Shops]</ref>
===Culinary===
In ancient and medieval Europe, camphor was used as an ingredient in sweets. It was used in a wide variety of both savory and sweet dishes in medieval [[Arabic language]] cookbooks, such as ''al-Kitab al-Ṭabikh'' compiled by [[Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq|ibn Sayyâr al-Warrâq]] in the 10th century,<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Brill
| series = Islamic History and Civilization, 70
| isbn = 978-0-415-35059-4
| last = Nasrallah
| first = Nawal
| title = Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyâr al-Warrâq's Tenth-century Baghdadi Cookbook
| location = Leiden, The Netherlands
| year = 2007
}}</ref> and an anonymous [[Andalusia]]n cookbook of the 13th century.<ref name="daviddfriedman1"/>
It also appears in sweet and savory dishes in a book written in the late 15th century for the sultans of Mandu, the ''Ni'matnama''.<ref>{{Cite book
| publisher = Routledge
| series = Routledge Studies in South Asia
| isbn = 978-0-415-35059-4
| last = Titley
| first = Norah M.
| title = The Ni'matnama Manuscript of the Sultans of Mandu: The Sultan's Book of Delights
| location = London, UK
| year = 2004
}}</ref> An early international trade in it made camphor widely known throughout [[Arabia]] in pre-Islamic times, as it is mentioned in the [[Quran]] 76:5 as a flavoring for drinks.<ref>{{Cite quran|76|5}}</ref> By the 13th century, it was used in recipes everywhere in the Muslim world, ranging from main dishes such as ''[[tharid]]'' and stew to desserts.<ref name="daviddfriedman1">[http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Andalusian/andalusian_contents.htm An Anonymous Andalusian cookbook of the 13th century, translated from the original Arabic by Charles Perry]</ref>
Currently, camphor is used as a flavoring, mostly for sweets, in Asia. It is widely used in cooking, mainly for dessert dishes, in India where it is known as ''kachha karpooram'' or "pachha karpoora" ("crude/raw camphor"), in ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]:పచ్చ కర్పూరo), ([[Tamil language|Tamil]]:பச்சைக் கற்பூரம்), ([[Kannada language|Kannada]]:ಪಚ್ಚ ಕರ್ಪೂರ), and is available in Indian grocery stores where it is labeled as "edible camphor".
===Medicinal===
Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin, producing either a coolness or warmth sensation,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1108609 |pmid=15746429 |title=Impaired Thermosensation in Mice Lacking TRPV3, a Heat and Camphor Sensor in the Skin |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5714 |pages=1468–72 |year=2005 |last1=Moqrich |first1=A. |last2=Hwang |first2=Sun Wook |last3=Earley |first3=Taryn J. |last4=Petrus |first4=Matt J. |last5=Murray |first5=Amber N. |last6=Spencer |first6=Kathryn S. R. |last7=Andahazy |first7=Mary |last8=Story |first8=Gina M. |last9=Patapoutian |first9=Ardem |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1468M }}</ref><ref name="Sensory characteristics of camphor">{{cite journal |pmid=2324522 |year=1990 |author1=Green |first1=B. G. |title=Sensory characteristics of camphor |journal=The Journal of Investigative Dermatology |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=662–6 |doi=10.1111/1523-1747.ep12876242}}</ref> and acts as slight local [[anesthetic]] and [[antimicrobial]] substance.
Camphor is an active ingredient (along with menthol) in vapor-steam products, such as [[Vicks]] [[VapoRub]]. It is used as a cough suppressant<ref name="drugs.com">http://www.drugs.com/cdi/camphor-liquid.html</ref> and as a decongestant.<ref name="drugs.com"/>
Camphor may also be administered orally in small quantities (50 mg) for minor heart symptoms and fatigue.<ref name="PF1996">Lääketietokeskus. ''Lääkevalmisteet Pharmaca Fennica 1996'', p. 814.</ref> Through much of the 1900s this was sold under the trade name Musterole; production ceased in the 1990s.
Camphor was used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation.<ref>{{cite book | first = Charles | last = Miller | title = History of Sumatra : An account of Sumatra | page = 121 }}</ref> Camphor is a component of [[paregoric]], an opium/camphor tincture from the 18th century. Also in the 18th century, camphor was used by [[Leopold Auenbrugger|Auenbrugger]] in the treatment of [[mania]].<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1159/000109581 |pmid=17934285 |title=Leopold Auenbrugger: Camphor-Induced Epilepsy – Remedy for Manic Psychosis |journal=European Neurology |volume=59 |issue=1–2 |pages=105–7 |year=2008 |last1=Pearce |first1=J.M.S. }}</ref> Based on [[Samuel Hahnemann|Hahnemann]]'s writings, camphor (dissolved in alcohol) was also successfully used to treat the 1854-1855 [[cholera]] epidemics in Naples.<ref>{{ cite journal | author = Bayes | title = Cholera, as Treated by Dr. Rubini | journal = The American Homoeopathic Review | year = 1866 | volume = 6 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 401–3 | url = http://www.legatum.sk/en:ahr:bayes-cholera-as-treated-by-dr-rubini-158-10355 }}</ref>
It has long been used as a medical substance in ancient India, where it generally goes by the name Karpūra. It has been described in the 7th-century Āyurvedic work Mādhavacikitsā as being an effective drug used for the treatment of fever. The plant has also been named Hima and has been identified with the plant Cinnamomum camphora. According to the Vaidyaka-śabda-sindhu, it is one of the “five flavours” used in betel-chewing, where it is also referred to as Candrabhasma (‘moon powder’).
;Small dose
Its effects on the body include [[tachycardia]] (increased heart rate), [[vasodilation]] in skin ([[Flushing (physiology)|flushing]]), slower breathing, reduced appetite, increased secretions and excretions such as [[perspiration]] and [[diuretic|urination]].
<ref name="Church">{{cite book |first = John |last = Church |title= An inaugural dissertation on camphor: submitted to the examination of the Rev. John Ewing, S.S.T.P. provost ; the trustees & medical faculty of the University of Pennsylvania, on the 12th of May, 1797 ; for the degree of Doctor of Medicine |publisher= University of Philadelphia: Printed by John Thompson |year= 1797 |url= http://resource.nlm.nih.gov/2546009R |accessdate= January 18, 2013}}</ref>
The sensation of heat or cold that camphor produces is caused by activating the ion channel [[TRPV3]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Sensory characteristics of camphor"/>
;Large dose toxicity
Camphor is [[toxic|poisonous]] in large doses. It produces symptoms of irritability, [[disorientation]], [[lethargy]], [[muscle spasms]], [[vomiting]], abdominal cramps, [[convulsions]], and [[seizures]].<ref name="Medline">{{ Cite web | title = Camphor overdose | url = http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002566.htm | work = Medline | publisher = NIH | accessdate = January 19, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Martin D, Valdez J, Boren J, Mayersohn M | title = Dermal absorption of camphor, menthol, and methyl salicylate in humans | journal = Journal of Clinical Pharmacology | volume = 44 | issue = 10 | pages = 1151–7 |date=Oct 2004 | pmid = 15342616 | doi = 10.1177/0091270004268409 }}</ref><ref>{{ Cite journal | vauthors = Uc A, Bishop WP, Sanders KD | title = Camphor hepatotoxicity | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = 93 | issue = 6 | pages = 596–8 |date=Jun 2000 | pmid = 10881777 | doi=10.1097/00007611-200006000-00011}}</ref> Lethal doses in adults are in the range 50–500 mg/kg (orally). Generally, two grams cause serious toxicity and four grams are potentially lethal.<ref>{{ cite web | publisher = International Programme on Chemical Safety | title = Poisons Information Monograph: Camphor | url = http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/pharm/camphor.htm }}</ref>
====Regulation====
In 1980, the [[US Food and Drug Administration]] set a limit of 11% allowable camphor in consumer products, and banned products labeled as camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor [[liniment]], and camphorated liniment (except "white camphor [[essential oil]]", which contains no significant amount of camphor{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}). Since alternative treatments exist, medicinal use of camphor is discouraged by the FDA, except for skin-related uses, such as medicated powders, which contain only small amounts of camphor.
===Hindu religious ceremonies===
Camphor is widely used in Hindu religious ceremonies. It is put on a stand called 'karpur dāni' in [[India]]. [[Aarti]] is performed after setting fire to it. {{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
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A cânfora é rapidamente absorvida pela [[pele]], produzindo uma sensação de resfriamento similar à do [[mentol]] e actua como um [[anestésico]] local leve e como antimicrobiano. Pode ser administrado em pequenas quantidades (50 mg) para sintomas de fatiga e sintomas cardíacos menores.
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O uso de óleos canforados está desaconselhado, por ser potencialmente tóxico (aumenta a absorção da cânfora). Foi também utilizado como [[estimulante]] e como [[sedante]], por via interna. Segundo o ''Comité para la Revisión de Medicamentos'' (Espanha), a cânfora não deve ser incluída na composição de preparados destinados ao tratamento de transtornos hepáticos e biliares, cálculos biliares, cólicas, alterações renais, infecções do tracto urinário ou cálculos uretrais. O seu emprego por via parenteral ou em irrigação não é aconselhável, devido aos efeitos adversos.<ref>[http://www.acofarma.com/jdownloads/Fichas_Tecnicas/a104.htm Ficha Técnica: Alcanfor - Cristal Sintético].</ref>
==Referências==
{{Reflist|30em}}
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