'''Juris Doctor''' (''' J.D.)''' é tradicionalmente entendido como um [[Doutoramento|doutorado profissional]]<ref name="aaude2008">{{citar web|último =Association of American Universities Data Exchange |url=http://aaude.org/documents/public/reference/glossary-graded.doc |título=Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education |acessodata=2010-09-01}}</ref><ref name="nsf2006">{{citar periódico|último =National Science Foundation |ano=2006 |url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf |series=NSF |título=Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients |periódico=InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics |volume=06-312 |página=7}} Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.</ref><ref name="sdcba1969">{{citar web |último=San Diego County Bar Association |ano=1969 |url=http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html |título=Ethics Opinion 1969-5 |acessodata=2008-05-26 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030411105023/http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html# |arquivodata=11 de abril de 2003 |urlmorta=yes }}. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate</ref><ref name="utah2006">{{citar web |último=University of Utah |ano=2006 |url=http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php |título=University of Utah – The Graduate School – Graduate Handbook |acessodata=2008-05-28 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626081148/http://www.gradschool.utah.edu/catalog/degree.php# |arquivodata=26 de junho de 2008 |urlmorta=yes }}</ref><ref name="gfme2008">{{citar web |último=German Federal Ministry of Education |url=http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf |título=U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education |acessodata=2008-05-26 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413192035/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf# |arquivodata=13 de abril de 2008 |urlmorta=yes }} Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.</ref><ref name="eb2002">{{citar livro|ano=2002 |título=Encyclopædia Britannica |volume=3 |página=962:1a}}</ref> obtido nos [[Estados Unidos]] e em outros países com tradição da [[common law]]. No sistema de alguns desses países, pode ser compreendido como o primeiro grau profissional, entendido como equivalente ao [[bacharelado]] (p. ex. em alguns países existe ainda o "bachelor of laws", caso da Inglaterra ou da África do Sul),<ref name="usdoe2008">{{citar web|último=U.S. Department of Education|ano=2008|url=http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-professional-studies.html|título=USNEI-Structure of U.S. Education - Graduate/Post Education Levels|acessodata=2008-05-25|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214142648/http://www.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-professional-studies.html#|arquivodata=14 de dezembro de 2007|urlmorta=yes}}</ref><ref name="cbb1999">{{citar livro|último =College Blue Book|ano=1999|título=Degrees Offered by College and Subject|local=New York|publicado=MacMillan|página=817}}</ref> em outros países, é considerado como uma espécie de [[pós-graduação]]<ref name="ucb2008">{{citar web|último=University of California, Berkeley|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/catalog/grad/degrees.html|título=General Catalog – Graduate Education – Graduate Degrees and Certificates|acessodata=2008-05-25|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521225217/http://www.berkeley.edu/catalog/grad/degrees.html#|arquivodata=21 de maio de 2008|urlmorta=yes}}</ref><ref name="usc1995">{{citar web|último=University of Southern California|ano=1995|url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/publications/cat95/acadpol/degreeprog.html|título=Undergraduate and Graduate Degree Programs|acessodata=2008-05-25|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422082839/http://www.usc.edu/dept/publications/cat95/acadpol/degreeprog.html#|arquivodata=22 de abril de 2008|urlmorta=yes}}</ref><ref name="unimelb2008">{{citar web|último =University of Melbourne|url=http://jd.law.unimelb.edu.au/go/about-us/melbourne-jd|título=About Use - The Melbourne JD|acessodata=2008-05-26}}</ref> em Direito.
