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Linha 1: {{Ver desambig\|este=a língua litúrgica\|o idioma moderno\|Língua neomandeia}} {{Sem notas\|data=maio de 2019}} {{em tradução}} {{Info/Língua \|nome=Mandeu \|nomenativo =Mandāyì, Ra• {{unicode\|ṭRaṭnā}}nā \|corfamília = Afro-asiática \|estados=[[Irão]], [[Iraque]], [[Estados Unidos]] \|região=[[Província de Khūzestān\|Khūzestān]], Irão \|falantes=100 falantes de Neo-Mandeio \|fam1=[[Línguas ~~Afro~~afro-~~Asiáticas~~asiáticas\|Afro-~~Asiática~~asiática]]▼ ~~\|posição =~~ ▲\|fam1=[[Línguas Afro-Asiáticas\|Afro-Asiática]] \|fam2=[[Línguas semíticas\|Semítica]] \|fam3=[[Línguas semíticas centrais\|Semítica central]] \|fam4=[[Línguas semíticas do noroeste\|Semíticas do noroeste]] ~~\|fam4=[[Semítica norte-ocidental]]~~ \|fam5=[[Aramaico]] \|fam6={{ilc\|nlk=x\|Aramaico oriental\|\|Língua aramaico oriental}} \|lc1=mid\|ld1=mandaico moderno\|ll1=none ~~\|iso2=arc~~ \|~~lc1~~lc2=~~mid~~myz\|~~ld1~~ld2=~~Mandaico~~mandaico ~~Moderno~~clássico\|~~ll1~~ll2=none }} ~~\|lc2=myz\|ld2=Mandaico Clássico\|ll2=none}}~~ O '''mandeu''' é o [[idioma litúrgico]] da religião [[Mandeísmo\|mandeísta]]. <!--Classical Mandaic is used by a section of the Mandaean community in liturgical rites. However, a living, vernacular form developed from Classical Mandaic, known either as Neo-Mandaic or Modern Mandaic, is spoken by a small section of the Mandaean community around [[Ahvaz]], [[Khūzestān Province\|Khūzestān]], [[Iran]]. Speakers of Classical Mandaic are found in Iran, [[Iraq]] (particularly the southern portions of the country) and in [[diaspora]] (particularly in the [[United States]]). It is a variety of [[Aramaic language\|Aramaic]], notable for its use of vowel letters (see [[Mandaic alphabet]]) and the striking amount of [[Persian language\|Persian]] influence in its grammar and lexicon. Classical Mandaic is a [[Northwest Semitic languages\|Northwest Semitic language]] of the Eastern Aramaic sub-family, and is closely related to the language of the Aramaic portions of the Babylonian [[Talmud]], as well as the language of the incantation texts found throughout Mesopotamia. It is also related to [[Syriac language\|Syriac]], another member of the Eastern Aramaic sub-family, which is the liturgical language of many Christian denominations throughout the Middle East. ~~== Neo-Mandaic ==~~ Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic, a Northwest Semitic language of the [[Aramaic\|Eastern Aramaic]] sub-family. Along with the other surviving dialects of Aramaic, it is classified as [[Neo-Aramaic]]; these form a constellation of dialects ranging from [[Lake Van]] and [[Lake Urmia]] in the north to [[Damascus]] and [[Ahvaz]] in the south, clustered in small groups. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages; however, determining the exact relationship between the various Neo-Aramaic dialects is a difficult task, fraught with many problems, which arise from our incomplete knowledge of these dialects and their relation to the Aramaic dialects of antiquity. Aramaic became the [[lingua franca]] of the [[Fertile Crescent]] largely through the efforts of the [[Assyrian Empire\|Neo-Assyrians]] (ca. 934–609 BCE) and the [[Achaemenids]] (576–330 BCE) after them, who adopted it as an [[auxiliary language]] for both [[internatinonal relations\|international communication]] and internal [[bureaucracy\|administrative]] use. It gradually came to supplant the native languages of the region, but due to its wide geographic distribution and political circumstances following the collapse of the empire, it soon evolved into two major sub-families—the Western sub-family, comprising [[Talmudic Aramaic\|Palestinian Talmudic]], [[Christian Palestinian Aramaic\|Christian Palestinian]], and [[Samaritan Aramaic\|Samaritan]], and the Eastern sub-family, comprising [[Late Babylonian Aramaic\|Late Babylonian]], [[Syriac language\|Syriac]], and Mandaic. Although no direct descendants of Syriac or [[Talmudic Aramaic\|Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic]] survive today, most of the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken today belong to the Eastern sub-family; these include Central Neo-Aramaic ([[Turoyo language\|{{unicode\|Ṭ}}uroyo]] and [[Mlahsô language\|Mla{{unicode\|ḥ}}sô]]), Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (the largest Neo-Aramaic group, which includes various Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialects, and the dialects of the [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic\|Assyrian]] and [[Chaldean Neo-Aramaic\|Chaldean Christians]]), and Neo-Mandaic. The only surviving remnant of the Western sub-family is [[Western Neo-Aramaic]], spoken in the villages of [[Ma`loula\|Ma{{unicode\|ʿ}}lūla]], Bakh{{unicode\|ʿ}}a, and Jubb {{unicode\|ʿ}}Adīn to the northeast of [[Damascus]]. Of all of these dialects, Eastern or Western, only Neo-Mandaic can be described with any certainty as the direct descendent of one of the Aramaic dialects attested in Late Antiquity. For this reason, it is potentially of great value in reconstructing the history of this sub-family and the precise genetic relationship of its members to one another. In terms of its [[grammar]], Neo-Mandaic is the most conservative among the Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects, preserving the old Semitic "suffix" conjugation (or perfect). The [[phonology]], however, has undergone many innovations, the most notable being the loss of the so-called "guttural" consonants. Neo-Mandaic survives in three subdialects, which arose in the cities of [[Shushtar\|Shûshtar]], [[Shāh Wāli]], and [[Dezful]] in northern [[Khūzestān Province\|Khūzestān]], [[Iran]]. The Mandaean communities in these cities fled persecution during the 1880s and settled in the Iranian cities of [[Ahvaz]] and [[Khorramshahr]]. While Khorramshahr boasted the largest Mandaic-speaking population until the 1980s, the Iran-Iraq War caused many to flee into diaspora, leaving [[Ahvaz]] the only remaining Mandaic-speaking community. ~~-->~~ == Bibliografia == {{refbegin}} * Häberl, Charles. 2006. ''The Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr''. PhD Dissertation, Harvard University. * Macuch, Rudolf. 1993. ''Neumandäische Texte im Dialekt von Ahwaz''. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz. Linha 45 ⟶ 29: * Nöldeke, Theodor. 1875. ''Mandäische Grammatik''. Halle: Waisenhaus. * Nöldeke, Theodor. 1862. “Ueber die Mundart der Mandäer.” ''Abhandlungen der Historisch-Philologischen Classe der königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen'' 10: 81-160. {{refend}} == Ligações externas == {{refbegin}} * {{Link\|\|2=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=myz \|3=Ethnologue}} report for Classical Mandaic. * {{Link\|\|2=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mid \|3=Ethnologue}} report for Modern Mandaic. Linha 52 ⟶ 38: * {{Link\|\|2=http://semarch.uni-hd.de/tondokumente.php4?&GR_ID=&ORT_ID=60&DOK_ID=1095 \|3=Semitisches Tonarchiv: Tondokument "Ahwâz Macuch 01 A Autobiographie"}} — a recording of autobiographical material by Sâlem Çoheylî in Neo-Mandaic. * {{Link\|\|2=http://www.mandaic.org \|3=Mandaic.org}} Information on the Neo-Mandaic Dialect of Khorramshahr. {{refend}} {{Línguas semíticas\|collapsed\|estado=collapsed}} {{Portal3\|Linguística}} {{Controle de autoridade}} {{Esboço-linguística}} {{DEFAULTSORT:~~Lingua~~ Mandeia}} [[Categoria:Aramaico~~\|Mandeia~~]] [[Categoria:Línguas do Irão~~\|Mandeia~~]] [[Categoria:Línguas do Iraque~~\|Mandeia~~]]

Língua mandeia: diferenças entre revisões