História da Polónia (1918–1939)

A História do período entre-guerras da Polónia compreende a re-recreação do estado polaco independente em 1918, até à Invasão conjunta da Polónia pela Alemanha Nazi e a União Soviética em 1939, no início da Segunda Guerra Mundial. As duas décadas de soberania da Polónia entre as duas guerras mundiais são conhecidas como o Interbellum.

A Polónia reemergiu em novembro de 1918 depois de mais de um século de partições pelos impérios Austro-Húngaro, Alemão e Russo.[1][2][3] A sua independência foi confirmada pelas potências vitoriosas através do Tratado de Versalhes de junho de 1919,[4] e a maior parte do território conquistou as suas fronteiras em várias guerras travadas entre 1918 e 1921. A fronteiras da Polónia foram estabelecidas em 1922 e reconhecidas internacionalmente em 1923.[5][6] A política polaca era democrática, mas encontrava-se caótica até Józef Piłsudski (1867-1935) ter tomado o poder em maio de 1926 e terminado com a democracia. A política de agrarianismo levou à redistribuição de terras aos camponeses e o país alcançou um crescimento económico significativo entre 1921 e 1939. Um terço da população consistia em minorias—ucranianos, judeus, bielorrussos e alemães—que eram hostis em relação a existência do estado polaco, devido a falta de privilégios ou, muitas vezes, discriminadas no caso dos ucranianos e bielorrussos que enfrentaram a "polonização". Havia tratados que supostamente os protegiam, mas o governo em Varsóvia, não estava interessado na sua aplicação.[7]

Notas

Referências

  1. Mieczysław Biskupski. The history of Poland. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2000. p. 51.
  2. Norman Davies. Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present. Oxford University Press. 2001. pp. 100-101.
  3. Piotr S. Wandycz. The Lands of Partitioned Poland 1795-1918. University of Washington Press. 1974. p. 368.
  4. According to Margaret MacMillan, "The rebirth of Poland was one of the great stories of the Conferência de Paz de Paris." Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months that Changed the World (2001, p. 208.
  5. Mieczysław B. Biskupski. The origins of modern Polish democracy. Ohio University Press. 2010. p. 130.
  6. Richard J. Crampton. Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Routledge. 1997. p. 101.
  7. Aviel Roshwald, Ethnic Nationalism and the Fall of Empires: Central Europe, the Middle East and Russia, 1914-23 (2000), p. 164.

Leitura complementar

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De investigação

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  • Berend, Iván T. Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II (1998), comparisons with other countries
  • Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition
  • The Cambridge History of Poland, (2 vols., Cambridge University Press, 1941) covers 1697–1935
  • Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.
  • Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp.
  • Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition
  • Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online edition
  • Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp.
  • Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. Cambridge U. Press, 2nd ed 2006. 408pp.
  • Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp. new designed maps
  • Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
  • Stachura, Peter D. Poland, 1918-1945: An Interpretive and Documentary History of the Second Republic (2004) online
  • Stachura, Peter D. ed. Poland Between the Wars, 1918-1939 (1998) essays by scholars
  • Watt, Richard M. Bitter Glory: Poland and Its Fate, 1918-1939 (1998), comprehensive survey

Política e diplomacia

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  • Cienciala, Anna M., and Titus Komarnicki. From Versailles to Locarno: keys to Polish foreign policy, 1919–25 (University Press of Kansas, 1984)
  • Davies, Norman. White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War 1919-1920 and The Miracle on the Vistula (2003)
  • Drzewieniecki, Walter M. "The Polish Army on the Eve of World War II," Polish Review (1981) 26#3 pp 54-64. in JSTOR
  • Garlicki, Andrzej. Józef Piłsudski, 1867-1935 (New York: Scolar Press 1995), scholarly biography; one-vol version of 4 vol Polish edition
  • Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp
  • Jędrzejewicz, W. Piłsudski. A Life for Poland (1982), scholarly biography
  • Karski, Jan. The great powers and Poland: From Versailles to Yalta (2014)
  • Kochanski, Halik. The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (2012)
  • Polonsky, A. Politics in Independent Poland, 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government (1972)
  • Remak, Joachim. The Nazi Years: A Documentary History. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 1990. Originally published Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969. ISBN 978-1-4786-1006-9.
  • Riekhoff, H. von. German-Polish Relations, 1918-1933 (Johns Hopkins University Press 1971)
  • Rothschild, J. Piłsudski's Coup d'État (New York: Columbia University Press 1966)
  • Seidner, Stanley S. "The Camp of National Unity: An Experiment in Domestic Consolidation," The Polish Review 20 (2-3): 231-236
  • Shirer, William L. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011. Originally published New York: Simon and Schuster, 1950. ISBN 978-1-4516-5168-3.
  • Wandycz, P. S. Polish Diplomacy 1914-1945: Aims and Achievements (1988)
  • Wandycz, P. S. Soviet-Polish Relations, 1917-1921 (Harvard University Press 1969)
  • Wandycz, P. S. The United States and Poland (1980)
  • Williamson, David G. Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-soviet Invasions of 1939 (2011), pp 1-62
  • Zamoyski, Adam. Warsaw 1920: Lenin's Failed Conquest of Europe (2008)

Tópicos sociais e económicos

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  • Abramsky, C. et al. eds. The Jews in Poland (Oxford: Blackwell 1986)
  • Bartoszewski, W. and Polonsky, A., eds. The Jews in Warsaw. A History (Oxford: Blackwell 1991)
  • Blanke, R. Orphans of Versailles. The Germans in Western Poland, 1918-1939 (1993)
  • Gutman, Y. et al. eds. The Jews of Poland Between Two World Wars (1989).
  • Heller, C. S. On the Edge of Destruction. Jews of Poland Between the Two World Wars (1977)
  • Hoffman, E. Shtetl. The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews (1999).
  • Landau, Z. and Tomaszewski, J. The Polish Economy in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 1985)
  • Olszewski, A. K. An Outline of Polish Art and Architecture, 1890-1980 (Warsaw: Interpress 1989.)
  • Roszkowski, Wojciech. Landowners in Poland, 1918-1939 (Cambridge University Press, 1991)
  • Roszkowski, Wojciech. "Large Estates and Small Farms in the Polish Agrarian Economy between the Wars (1918-1939)," Journal of European Economic History (1987) 16#1 pp 75-88
  • Taylor, J. J. The Economic Development of Poland, 1919-1950 (Cornell University Press 1952)
  • Thomas, William I., and Florian Znaniecki. The Polish Peasant in Europe and America (2 vol. 1918); classic sociological study; complete text online free
  • Wynot, E. D. Warsaw Between the Wars. Profile of the Capital City in a Developing Land, 1918-1939 (1983)
  • Żółtowski, A. Border of Europe. A Study of the Polish Eastern Provinces (London: Hollis & Carter 1950)

Historiografia

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  • Kenney, Padraic. “After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland,” Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR
  • Polonsky, Antony. "The History of Inter-War Poland Today," Survey (1970) pp143–159.

Fontes primárias

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Ligações externas

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