Língua michif

Michif Michif
Falado(a) em:	Canadá, Estados Unidos
Região:	comunidades Métis nas Pradarias canadenses, princ.. Manitoba, Saskatchewan noroeste de Ontário e Reserva indígena no Dakota do Norte.
Total de falantes:	725 (2010 & 2011)
Família:	mistura Cree–Francês-Métis Michif
Códigos de língua
ISO 639-1:	`--`
ISO 639-2:	`---`
ISO 639-3:	`crg`

Michif (também Mitchif, Mechif, Michif-Cree, Métif, Métchif, Francês Cree) é a língua do povo Métis do Canadá e dos Estados Unidos, pessoas que são os descendentes de Primeiras Nações mulheres (principalmente Cree, Nakota e Ojibwe) e homens trabalhadores de origem europeia do comércio de peles (principalmente canadenses de origem francesa e escocesa). Michif conforme registrado a partir da década de 1970 combinou dois sistemas fonológicos separados: um para elementos de origem francesa e um para elementos de origem Cree (Rhodes 1977, 1986). Por exemplo, / y /, / l /, / r / e / f / existem apenas em palavras francesas, enquanto que oclusivas peé-aspiradas como / ʰt / e / ʰk / existe apenas em palavras Cree. Nesta variedade de Michif, os elementos franceses foram pronunciados de maneiras que têm valores tipicamente canadenses franceses para as vogais, enquanto os elementos Cree possuem valores Cree distintivamente para vogais. No entanto, há alguma influência Cree em palavras francesas no sistema de tonicidade (Rosen 2006). Mas, no ano 2000, havia falantes da Michif que haviam juntado os dois sistemas em um único (Rosen 2007).

Consoantes editar

**Consoantes do Minchif Manitobaf**^[1]
	Labial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Alveo-palatal	Velar	Glotal
Oclusivas	ʰp p b		ʰt t d		ʰk k g
Africadas				ʰtʃ tʃ dʒ
Fricativas		f v	s z	ʃ ʒ		h
Nasais	m		n
Líquidas			r l
Semivogais	w			j

Vogais editar

Michif apresenta quatro vogais orais e quatro nasalizadas.

Orais editar

**Vogais orais do Michif Manitoba^[2]**
	Anterior	Central	Posterior
Fechada	i ɪ	y	ʊ u
Medial	e ɛ	œ	ɔ o
Aberta	a		ɑ

Nasais editar

Correspondentes nasais:

/ĩ/
/ɛ̃/
/ɔ̃/
/ɑ̃/

Notas editar

↑ Rosen 2007:109
↑ Rosen 2008:617

Bibliografia editar

Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion, and Audreen Hourie. Métis legacy Michif culture, heritage, and folkways. Métis legacy series, v. 2. Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2006. ISBN 0-920915-80-9
Barkwell, Lawrence J., Leah Dorion and Darren Prefontaine. "Metis Legacy: A Historiography and Annotated Bibliography". Winnipeg: Pemmican Publications Inc. and Saskatoon: Gabriel Dumont Institute, 2001. ISBN 1-894717-03-1
Bakker, Peter: Spelling systems for Michif: an overview. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: pp. 11‑28, 2004. ISBN 1-894717-28-7
Bakker, Peter: The Michif language of the Métis. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: pp. 5‑9, 2004. ISBN 1-894717-28-7
Bakker, Peter: The verb in Michif. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: pp. 63‑80, 2004. ISBN 1-894717-28-7
Bakker, Peter: What is Michif? In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 1: Language Practice. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: pp. 5‑7, 2004. ISBN 1-894717-22-8
Bakker, Peter; Barkwell, Lawrence: Storytelling and Mythology. In: La Lawng: Michif Peekishkwewin. The Heritage Language of the Canadian Metis. Vol 2: Language Theory. Barkwell, Lawrence (Ed.). Pemmican Publications/Manitoba Métis Federation Michif Language Program, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: pp. 83‑96, 2004. ISBN 1-894717-28-7
Bakker, Peter. 1997. A language of our own: The genesis of Michif, the mixed Cree-French language of the Canadian Métis. New York, Oxford University Press.
Bakker, Peter and Robert Papen. 1997. Michif: A mixed language based on Cree and French. In S. Thomason (ed.) Contact languages: A wider perspective. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, p. 295-363.
Bloomfield, Leonard (1984) Cree-English Lexicon Human Area Relations Files, New Haven, CT.
Evans, Donna. 1982. "On coexistence and convergence of two phonological systems in Michif." Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, 26, p. 158-173.
Gillon, Carrie and Nicole Rosen. 2016. Critical mass in Michif. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31: 113-140.
Papen, Robert. 2003. "Michif: One phonology or two?" In Y. Chung, C. Gillon and R. Wokdak (eds) University of British Columbia Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 12, Proceedings of the Eighth Workshop on Structure and Constituency in Language of the Americas, p. 47-58.
Papen, Robert. 2004. "Michif spelling conventions: Proposal for a unified Michif writing system. In L. Barkwell (ed.) La lawng: Michif peekishkwewin. Winnipeg, MB: Pemmican Publications, p. 29-53.
Rhodes, Richard A. 1977. French Cree—a case of borrowing. Actes du Huitième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 6-25.
Rhodes, Richard A. 1986. Métif—a second look. Actes du Septième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 287-296.
Rhodes, Richard A. 1987. Les Contes Metif—Metif Myths. Papers of the Eighteenth Algonquian Conference. Wm. Cowan (ed.), Ottawa: Carleton University. p. 297-301.
Rhodes, Richard A. 1992. Language Shift in Algonquian. International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 93:87-92.
Rhodes, Richard A. 2001. Text Strategies in Métchif. Papers of the Thirty-second Algonquian Conference. H. C. Wolfart (ed.), Winnipeg: University of Manitoba. p. 455-469.
Rosen, Nicole. 2006. Language Contact and Stress Assignment. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 59:170-190.
Rosen, Nicole. 2007. Domains in Michif Phonology. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Linguistics. University of Toronto.
Papen, Robert. 2005. Le mitchif: langue franco-crie des Plaines. In A. Valdman, J. Auger & D. Piston-Hatlen (eds). Saint-François, QC: Presses de l'Université Laval, p. 327-347.
Weaver, Deborah. 1982. Obviation in Michif. Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of North Dakota Session, 26, p. 174-262.
Weaver, Deborah. 1983. The effect of language change and death on obviation in Michif. In W. Cowan (ed.) Actes du Quatorzième Congrès des Algonquinistes. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, p. 261-268.
Zoldy, Grace. 2003. The Lord's Prayer. In Li Liivr Oche Michif Ayamiiawina - The Book of Michif Prayers. Camperville Michif Cree Ritual Language Project.

Ligações externas editar

[1] Rosen 2007:109

[2] Rosen 2008:617

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