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Usuário:JMagalhães/Rsex

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Comportamentos

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Ver também: Comportamento sexual humano e sexualidade humana

Definição

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XIX}, da autoria de Achille Devéria
 
Interpretação erótica do imperador romano Adriano e de Antínoo durante a prática de sexo anal; século XIX, Édouard-Henri Avril.

Os comportamentos denominados "relação sexual" podem ser definidos por diversos termos, entre os quais coito, cópula ou ato sexual. O termo coito tem origem na palavra latina coitio ou coire, a qual significa "vir em conjunto", "juntar-se" ou "ir em conjunto". Embora possa ser usada para descrever uma série atividades sexuais no contexto da língua latina, geralmente refere-se de forma exclusiva à penetração peniana-vaginal,[1] a qual é em muitos casos denominada "sexo vaginal".[2][3] No entanto, o termo "sexo vaginal" pode também referir-se a qualquer atividade sexual vaginal, penetrativa ou não, o que inclui práticas sexuais entre mulheres.[4][5] Por outro lado, "cópula" geralmente denomina o processo de acasalamento entre animais que não o ser humano, e define-se como o ato de transferência de espermatozoides entre um macho e uma fêmea com a finalidade de reprodução sexuada,[6][7][8] embora também se possa referir a qualquer atividade sexual entre parceiros de sexos opostos ou do mesmo sexo.[8]

Embora no discurso comum seja comum o uso dos termos "relação sexual" e "sexo" para descrever o ato sexual peniano-vaginal,[9] os termos "sexo" e "ter sexo" podem significar qualquer atividade sexual, penetrativa ou não, entre duas ou mais pessoas.[10][11][12] A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) refere que as diferentes línguas e culturas "usam diferentes termos para a atividade sexual, com significados ligeiramente diferentes".[11] Também são utilizados diversos termos vulgares, calão e eufemismos para descrever as relações sexuais ou outras atividades sexuais, tais como o termo "foder" ou "fazer amor".[13][14]

Os investigadores científicos geralmente definem relação sexual como o ato sexual peniano-vaginal, usando termos específicos para outras atividades sexuais, como "sexo anal" ou "sexo oral".[15] A própria cultura popular interpreta "relação sexual" como exclusivamente o ato peniano-vaginal, sem o qual o ato sexual não é considerado verdadeiramente uma relação sexual, excluindo assim outras formas de atividade sexual entre dois parceiros, como os preliminares e limitando a própria definição de violação.[16][17][18][19] Existe uma preocupação crescente ente os académicos de que associar a relação sexual à penetração vaginal limita a informação disponível sobre o comportamento sexual das pessoas não heterossexuais ou sobre heterossexuais que possam praticar atividades sexuais não vaginais.[17]

O sexo vaginal, anal e oral, e sobretudo nas suas vertentes penetrativas, são as atividades sexuais geralmente reconhecidas como relação sexual.[20] Embora as atividades sexuais não penetrativas ou não penianas-vaginais possam ser vistas como relação sexual,[21][22] podem também ser vistas como forma de uma pessoa se manter "tecnicamente virgem", embora possam existir formas de penetração, como no cao de sexo oral ou anal.[23] A definição de perda da virgindade é muitas vezes baseada na relação peniana-vaginal 


Virginity loss is often based on penile-vaginal intercourse partly because heterosexual couples may engage in anal or oral sex not only for sexual pleasure, but as ways of maintaining that they are virgins if they have not engaged in the reproductive act of coitus.[23] Similarly, gay men may consider frotting or oral sex as ways of maintaining their virginities, with penile-anal penetration defined as sexual intercourse and resulting in virginity loss, while other gay men may define frotting or oral sex as their main forms of sexual intercourse.[24][25][26] Lesbians may define oral sex or fingering as sexual intercourse and resulting in virginity loss,[27][24][28] and may also regard tribadism as a primary form of sexual activity.[29][30]

Studies regarding the definition of sexual intercourse sometimes conflict. A 1999 study by the Kinsey Institute examined the definition of sex based on a 1991 random sample of 599 college students from 29 U.S. states; it reported that while "virtually every college student they surveyed considered penile-vaginal intercourse to be sex," and 19–20% said that anal intercourse was not sex, 60% said oral-genital contact (fellatio, cunnilingus) did not constitute having sex.[12][31][32] Similarly, a 2003 study published in the Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality focusing on definitions of having sex and noting studies concerning university students from the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia reported that "[w]hile the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies included penile-vaginal intercourse in their definition of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) respondents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex" and that "oral-genital behaviours were defined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respondents".[10] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated in 2009 that "[a]lthough there are only limited national data about how often adolescents engage in oral sex, some data suggest that many adolescents who engage in oral sex do not consider it to be 'sex'; therefore they may use oral sex as an option to experience sex while still, in their minds, remaining abstinent".[33]

The specificity of questions concerning sexual activity can additionally affect definitions of sexual intercourse or other sexual behaviors. Another study by the Kinsey Institute sampled 484 people, ranging in ages 18–96. The study reported that nearly 95% of its participants "agreed that penile-vaginal intercourse meant 'had sex.' But the numbers changed as the questions got more specific". 11% of respondents based "had sex" on whether the man had achieved an orgasm, concluding that absence of an orgasm does not constitute "having had" sex; "[a]bout 80 percent of respondents said penile-anal intercourse meant 'had sex.' About 70 percent of people believed oral sex was sex."[12] Condom use is also a factor, with some men stating that sexual activity involving the protection of a condom is not "real sex" or "the real thing".[12][34][35] One study reported that older generations of men (65 or older) in particular do not view sexual activity involving the protection of a condom to be sex.[12] This view is common among men in Africa,[34][35] where sexual activity involving the protection of a condom is often associated with emasculation because condoms prevent direct penile–to–skin genital contact.[34]

Bonding and stimulus variation

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Copulation ranges from a purely reproductive activity to one of emotional bonding. For example, sexual intercourse and sexual activity in general often play a strong role in human bonding.[36] In many societies, it is normal for couples to have sexual intercourse while using some method of birth control (contraception), sharing pleasure and strengthening their emotional bond through sexual activity even though they are deliberately avoiding pregnancy.[36]

In humans and bonobos, the female undergoes relatively concealed ovulation so that male and female partners commonly do not know whether she is fertile at any given moment. One possible reason for this distinct biological feature may be formation of strong emotional bonds between sexual partners important for social interactions and, in the case of humans, long-term partnership rather than immediate sexual reproduction.[36][37] For humans in particular, cooperative behavior in a community and, by extension, sexual activity reinforce social bonds between individuals and may form larger social structures. The resulting cooperation encourages collective tasks that promote the survival of each member of the group.[38]

 
Édouard-Henri Avril depiction of a woman on top position, a position that is more likely to stimulate the clitoris[39]

Sexual intercourse or other sexual activity can encompass various sexually stimulating factors (physical stimulation or psychological stimulation), including different sex positions or the use of sex toys.[29][21][40] Foreplay may precede particular sexual activities, often leading to sexual arousal of the partners and resulting in the erection of the penis or natural lubrication of the vagina.[41] It is also common for people to be as sexually satisfied by being kissed, touched erotically, or held as they are by sexual intercourse.[42]

During coitus, the partners move their hips to move the penis backward and forward inside the vagina to cause friction, typically without fully removing the penis. In this way, they stimulate themselves and each other, often continuing until orgasm in either or both partners is achieved.[22][43]

For human females, stimulation of the clitoris plays a significant role in sexual activity; 70–80% of women require direct clitoral stimulation to achieve orgasm,[44][45][46] though indirect clitoral stimulation (for example, via vaginal intercourse) may also be sufficient (see orgasm in females).[47][48] Because of this, some couples may engage in the woman on top position or the coital alignment technique, a technique combining the "riding high" variation of the missionary position with pressure-counterpressure movements performed by each partner in rhythm with sexual penetration, to maximize clitoral stimulation.[39][21][49]

 
Édouard-Henri Avril depiction of cunnilingus in the life of Sappho

Anal sex involves stimulation of the anus, anal cavity, sphincter valve or rectum; it most commonly means the insertion of a man's penis into another person's rectum, but may also mean pegging, the use of other sex toys or fingers to penetrate the anus, or anilingus.[50]

Oral sex consists of all the sexual activities that involve the use of the mouth and throat to stimulate genitalia or anus. It is sometimes performed to the exclusion of all other forms of sexual activity, and may include the ingestion or absorption of semen or vaginal fluids.[29][51]

Fingering (or digital penetration or digital intercourse) involves the manual manipulation of the clitoris, rest of the vulva, vagina or anus for the purpose of sexual arousal and sexual stimulation; it may constitute the entire sexual encounter or it may be part of mutual masturbation, foreplay or other sexual activities.[5][52][53]

Reproduction

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Sexual intercourse is perhaps 385 million years old, and it is likely that the oldest jawed fish on Earth was the first animal to reproduce by copulation.[54] Reproduction among humans usually occurs with penile-vaginal penetration.[55] Male orgasm usually includes ejaculation, a series of muscular contractions that deliver semen containing male gametes known as sperm cells or spermatozoa from the penis into the vagina. The subsequent route of the sperm from the vault of the vagina is through the cervix and into the uterus, and then into the fallopian tubes. Millions of sperm are present in each ejaculation, to increase the chances of one fertilizing an egg or ovum (see sperm competition). When a fertile ovum from the female is present in the fallopian tubes, the male gamete joins with the ovum, resulting in fertilization and the formation of a new embryo. When a fertilized ovum reaches the uterus, it becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) and a pregnancy begins.[55] Unlike most species, human sexual activity is not linked to periods of estrus and can take place at any time during the reproductive cycle, even during pregnancy.[37][56]

When a sperm donor has sexual intercourse with a woman who is not his partner and for the sole purpose of impregnating the woman, this may be known as natural insemination, as opposed to artificial insemination. Artificial insemination is a form of assisted reproductive technology, which are methods used to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means.[57] For artificial insemination, sperm donors may donate their sperm through a sperm bank, and the insemination is performed with the express intention of attempting to impregnate the female; to this extent, its purpose is the medical equivalent of sexual intercourse.[58][59]

Reproductive methods also extend to gay and lesbian couples. For gay male pairings, there is the option of surrogate pregnancy; for lesbian couples, there is donor insemination in addition to choosing surrogate pregnancy.[60][61] Surrogacy and donor insemination remain the primary methods. Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for another couple or person. The woman may be the child's genetic mother (traditional surrogacy) or she may carry a pregnancy to delivery after having another woman's eggs transferred to her uterus (gestational surrogacy). Gay or lesbian pairings who want the host to have no genetic connection to the child may choose gestational surrogacy and enter into a contract with an egg donor. Gay male couples might decide that they should both contribute semen for an in vitro fertilisation (IVF) process, which further establishes the couple's joint intention to become parents.[61] Lesbian couples often have contracts drafted to extinguish the legal rights of the sperm donor, while creating legal rights for the parent who is not biologically related to the child.[62]

Safe sex and contraception

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Ver também: Coitus interruptus

There are a variety of safe sex methods that are practiced by heterosexual and same-sex couples, including non-penetrative sex acts,[63][64] and heterosexual couples may use oral or anal sex (or both) as a means of birth control (contraception).[65][66] However, pregnancy can still occur with anal sex or other forms of sexual activity if the penis is near the vagina (such as during intercrural sex or other genital-genital rubbing) and its sperm is deposited near the vagina's entrance and travels along the vagina's lubricating fluids; the risk of pregnancy can also occur without the penis being near the vagina because sperm may be transported to the vaginal opening by the vagina coming in contact with fingers or other non-genital body parts that have come in contact with semen.[67][68]

Safe sex is a relevant harm reduction philosophy,[69][70] and condoms are used as a form of safe sex and contraception. Condoms are widely recommended for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs).[69][70] According to reports by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and World Health Organization (WHO), correct and consistent use of latex condoms reduces the risk of HIV/AIDS transmission by approximately 85–99% relative to risk when unprotected.[71][72] The most effective way to avoid sexually transmitted infections is to abstain from sexual intercourse, especially vaginal, anal, and oral sexual intercourse.[70]

Decisions and options concerning birth control can be affected by cultural reasons, such as religion, gender roles or folklore.[73] In the predominantly Catholic countries Ireland, Italy and the Philippines, fertility awareness and the rhythm method are emphasized while disapproval is expressed with regard to other contraceptive methods.[73] Worldwide, sterilization is a more common birth control method,[73] and use of the intrauterine device (IUD) is the most common and effective way of reversing contraception.[73][74] Conception and contraception are additionally a life-and-death situation in developing countries, where one in three women give birth before age 20; however, 90% of unsafe abortions in these countries could be prevented by effective contraception use.[73]

In 2004, the Guttmacher Institute indicated in 2002 that 62% of the 62 million women aged 15–44 are currently using a contraceptive method, that among U.S. women who practice contraception, the birth-control pill is the most popular choice (30.6%), followed by tubal sterilization (27.0%) and the male condom (18.0%), and that 27% of teenage women using contraceptives choose condoms as their primary method.[75] A 2006 Kaiser Family Foundation report stated that among sexually active 15- to 19-year-olds in the U.S., 83% of females and 91% of males reported using at least one method of birth control during last intercourse.[76]

The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) indicated in 2010 that "1 of 4 acts of vaginal intercourse are condom-protected in the U.S. (1 in 3 among singles)," that "condom use is higher among black and Hispanic Americans than among white Americans and those from other racial groups," and that "adults using a condom for intercourse were just as likely to rate the sexual extent positively in terms of arousal, pleasure and orgasm than when having intercourse without one".[77]

Prevalence

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Penile-vaginal penetration is the most common form of sexual intercourse.[2][3] Studies indicate that most heterosexual couples engage in vaginal intercourse "almost every time they have sex".[3] The National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB) reported in 2010 that vaginal intercourse is "the most prevalent sexual behavior among men and women of all ages and ethnicities".[3] In 2013, Clint E. Bruess et al. stated that vaginal sex "is the most frequently studied behavior" and, besides in many cultures being what is usually meant when people refer to "having sex" or "sexual intercourse," is "often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth."[78]

Regarding oral or anal intercourse, the CDC stated in 2009, "Studies indicate that oral sex is commonly practiced by sexually active male-female and same-gender couples of various ages, including adolescents."[33] The 2010 NSSHB study reported that vaginal intercourse was practiced more than insertive anal intercourse among men, but that 13% to 15% of men aged 25 to 49 practiced insertive anal intercourse. Receptive anal intercourse was infrequent among men, with approximately 7% of men aged 14 to 94 years old having said that they were a receptive partner during anal intercourse. It said that women engage in anal intercourse less commonly than men, but that the practice is not uncommon among women; it was estimated that 10% to 14% of women aged 18 to 39 years old practiced anal sex in the past 90 days, and that most of the women said they practiced it once a month or a few times a year.[3]

The prevalence of sexual intercourse has been compared cross-culturally. In 2003, Michael Bozon of the French Institut national d'études démographiques conducted a cross-cultural study titled "At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse?." In the first group of the contemporary cultures he studied, which included sub-Saharan Africa (listing Mali, Senegal and Ethiopia), the data indicated that the age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at later ages than that of women, but is often extra-marital; the study considered the Indian subcontinent to also fall into this group, though data was only available from Nepal.[79][80]

In the second group, the data indicated families encouraged daughters to delay marriage, and to abstain from sexual activity before that time. However, sons are encouraged to gain experience with older women or prostitutes before marriage. Age of men at sexual initiation in these societies is at lower ages than that of women; this group includes Latin cultures, both from southern Europe (Portugal, Greece and Romania are noted) and from Latin America (Brazil, Chile, and the Dominican Republic). The study considered many Asian societies to also fall into this group, although matching data was only available from Thailand.[79][80]

In the third group, age of men and women at sexual initiation was more closely matched; there were two sub-groups, however. In non-Latin, Catholic countries (Poland and Lithuania are mentioned), age at sexual initiation was higher, suggesting later marriage and reciprocal valuing of male and female virginity. The same pattern of late marriage and reciprocal valuing of virginity was reflected in Singapore and Sri Lanka. The study considered China and Vietnam to also fall into this group, though data were not available.[79][80] In northern and eastern European countries, age at sexual initiation was lower, with both men and women involved in sexual intercourse before any union formation; the study listed Switzerland, Germany and the Czech Republic as members of this group.[79][80]

Concerning United States data, national surveys in 1995 indicated that at least 3/4 of all men and women in the U.S. engaged in sexual intercourse by their late teenage years, and more than 2/3 of all sexually experienced teens had two or more partners.[81] Based on the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the average age of first sexual intercourse in U.S. participants aged 15 to 44 was 17.3 years for females and 17.0 years for males.[82][83][84] Special tabulations by the National Center for Health Statistics suggest that this figure changed between 2006 and 2010 to 17.1 years for both males and females.[85] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) stated that 45.5 percent of girls and 45.7 percent of boys had engaged in sexual activity by 19 in 2002; in 2011, reporting their research from 2006–2010, they stated that 43% of American unmarried teenage girls and 42% of American unmarried teenage boys have ever engaged in sexual intercourse.[86] The CDC also reports that American girls will most likely lose their virginity to a boy who is 1 to 3 years older than they are.[86]

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services reported in 2002 that teenagers are delaying sexual intercourse and other sexual activity until older ages.[87] Between 1988 and 2002, the percentage of people in the U.S. who had sexual intercourse between the ages of 15 to 19 fell from 60 to 46 percent for never-married males, and from 51 to 46 percent for never-married females.[87] Similarly, a 2006 survey conducted by The Observer suggested that most adolescents in Britain were waiting longer to have sexual intercourse than they were only a few years earlier.[88] For example, it was reported in 2002 that 32% of British teenagers were having sex before the age of 16; in 2006, however, it was only 20%. The average age a British teenager lost his or her virginity was reportedly 17.13 years in 2002, and 17.44 years in 2006 on average for girls and 18.06 for boys. The most notable drop among teens who reported having sex was 14 and 15-year-olds.[88] A 2008 survey conducted by YouGov for Channel 4 suggested that 40% of all 14 to 17-year-olds are sexually active, 74% of sexually active 14 to 17-year-olds have had a sexual experience under the age of consent, and 6% of teens would wait until marriage before having sex.[89]

  1. ↑
    • «Coitus». Merriam-Webster. Consultado em 6 de setembro de 2012 
    • Nilamadhab Kar, Gopal Chandra Kar (2005). Comprehensive Textbook of Sexual Medicine. [S.l.]: Jaypee Brothers Publishers. pp. 107–112. ISBN 8180614050. Consultado em 4 de setembro de 2012 
    • Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: A-C. [S.l.]: Macmillan Reference. p. 308. ISBN 0028659619. Sexual intercourse. The term coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse that also is known as coition or copulation. This 'coming together' is generally understood in heteronormative terms as the penetration of a woman's vagina by a man's penis. 
    • Ada P. Kahn, Jan Fawcett (2008). The Encyclopedia of Mental Health. [S.l.]: Infobase Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 0816064547 
  2. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Alters
  3. ↑ a b c d e Janell L. Carroll (2012). Discovery Series: Human Sexuality, 1st ed. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 656 pages. ISBN 1111841896 
  4. ↑ Harvey B. Milkman, Kenneth W. Wanberg (2004). Pathways to Self-Discovery and Change: Criminal Conduct and Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents. [S.l.]: Sage Publications. pp. 254–255. ISBN 1412906148 
  5. ↑ a b Human Kinetics (2009). Health and Wellness for Life. [S.l.]: Human Kinetics. p. 207. ISBN 0736068503 
  6. ↑ «Copulation». Dorland's Medical Dictionary for Health Consumers. Consultado em 6 de setembro de 2012 
  7. ↑ «Copulation». The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. 2011. Consultado em 23 de agosto de 2013 
  8. ↑ a b Edward M. Barrows (2011). Animal Behavior Desk Reference: A Dictionary of Animal Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution. [S.l.]: Taylor & Francis. pp. 122–124. ISBN 1439836515 
  9. ↑
    • Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. [S]ome sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beliefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated through discourses on sex despite a number of important contradictions. 
    • Richard M. Lerner, Laurence Steinberg (2004). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0471690449. When researchers use the term sex, they nearly always mean sexual intercourse – more specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse... The widespread, unquestioned equation of penile-vaginal intercourse with sex reflects a failure to examine systematically 'whether the respondent's understanding of the question matches what the researcher had in mind.' 
    • Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. [S.l.]: New York University. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0 
    • Fedwa Malti-Douglas (2007). Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: A-C. [S.l.]: Macmillan Reference. p. 308. ISBN 0028659619. Sexual intercourse. The term coitus indicates a specific act of sexual intercourse that also is known as coition or copulation. This 'coming together' is generally understood in heteronormative terms as the penetration of a woman's vagina by a man's penis. 
    • Irving B. Weiner, W. Edward Craighead (2010). The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 4. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. p. 1577. ISBN 0470170239. Human sexual intercourse, or coitus, is one of the most common sexual outlets among adults. Sexual intercourse generally refers to penile penetration of the vagina... 
    • Clint E. Bruess, Elizabeth Schroeder (2013). Sexuality Education Theory and Practice. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 1449649289. Vaginal sex is defined as when a penis or sex toy is inserted into a vagina for pleasure. In many cultures around the world, vaginal sex is what is usually implied when people refer to 'having sex' or 'sexual intercourse.' It is the most frequently studied behavior and is often the focus of sexuality education programming for youth. 
  10. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Randall
  11. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome WHO, Sex
  12. ↑ a b c d e Cox, Lauren (8 de março de 2010). «Study: Adults Can't Agree What 'Sex' Means». American Broadcasting Company. Consultado em 5 de setembro de 2012 
  13. ↑ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa. «Foder». Consultado em 3 de fevereiro de 2015 
  14. ↑ Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa. «Fazer amor». Consultado em 30 de março de 2015 
  15. ↑
    • Richard D. McAnulty, M. Michele Burnette (2003). Exploring Human Sexuality: Making Healthy Decisions. [S.l.]: Allyn & Bacon. p. 229. ISBN 020538059X. 9780763741488 
    • Richard M. Lerner, Laurence Steinberg (2004). Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. [S.l.]: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–196. ISBN 0471690449. When researchers use the term sex, they nearly always mean sexual intercourse – more specifically, penile-vaginal intercourse... The widespread, unquestioned equation of penile-vaginal intercourse with sex reflects a failure to examine systematically 'whether the respondent's understanding of the question matches what the researcher had in mind.' 
    • Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. [S.l.]: New York University. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0 
    • Andrew Baum, Tracey A. A. Revenson, Jerome Singer (2012). Handbook of Health Psychology, 2nd Edition. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 080586461X 
  16. ↑ Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. Some sexual practices are regarded as inherently better (normal, natural, more satisfying) than others, with vaginal intercourse privileged as the 'Real Thing.' Such beliefs, influenced by views about sex as ultimately a reproductive function, continue to be perpetuated through discourses on sex despite a number of important contradictions. 
  17. ↑ a b Andrew Baum, Tracey A. A. Revenson, Jerome Singer (2012). Handbook of Health Psychology, 2nd Edition. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 080586461X 
  18. ↑ Arthur G. Miller (1999). Perspectives on Evil and Violence. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. p. 240. ISBN 0805897844. Many people consider penile-vaginal intercourse the only form of 'real' sex. 
  19. ↑ Pamela J. Kalbfleisch, Michael J. Cody (2012). Gender Power and Communication in Human Relationships. [S.l.]: Routledge. p. 218. ISBN 1136480501. Consultado em April 30, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  20. ↑
  21. ↑ a b c Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Kar
  22. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Kahn, Fawcett
  23. ↑ a b
    • Ken Plummer (2002). Modern Homosexualities: Fragments of Lesbian and Gay Experiences. [S.l.]: Routledge. pp. 187–191. ISBN 1134922426. The social construction of 'sex' as vaginal intercourse affects how other forms of sexual activity are evaluated as sexually satisfying or arousing; in some cases whether an activity is seen as a sexual act at all. For example, unless a woman has been penetrated by a man's penis she is still technically a virgin even if she has had lots of sexual experience. 
    • Randall, H. E., & Byers, S. E. (2003). «What is sex? Students' definitions of having sex, sexual partner, and unfaithful sexual behaviour». The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 12: 87–96. Recently, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia have investigated university students' definitions of having sex. These studies found that students differ in their opinions of what sexual behaviours constitute having sex (Pitts & Rahman, 2001; Richters & Song, 1999; Sanders & Reinisch, 1999). While the vast majority of respondents (more than 97%) in these three studies included penile-vaginal intercourse in their definition of sex, fewer (between 70% and 90%) respondents considered penile-anal intercourse to constitute having sex. Oral-genital behaviours were defined as sex by between 32% and 58% of respondents. 
    • Laura M. Carpenter (2005). Virginity Lost: An Intimate Portrait of First Sexual Experiences. [S.l.]: New York University. pp. 295 pages. ISBN 0-8147-1652-0 
    • Bryan Strong, Christine DeVault, Theodore F. Cohen (2010). The Marriage and Family Experience: Intimate Relationship in a Changing Society. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. 186 páginas. ISBN 0-534-62425-1. Most people agree that we maintain virginity as long as we refrain from sexual (vaginal) intercourse. ...But occasionally we hear people speak of 'technical virginity' ... Other research, especially research looking into virginity loss, reports that 35% of virgins, defined as people who have never engaged in vaginal intercourse, have nonetheless engaged in one or more other forms of heterosexual activity (e.g. oral sex, anal sex, or mutual masturbation). ... Data indicate that 'a very significant proportion of teens ha[ve] had experience with oral sex, even if they haven't had sexual intercourse, and may think of themselves as virgins'. 
    • Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex. 
  24. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Carpenter
  25. ↑ Joseph Gross, Michael (2003). Like a Virgin. [S.l.]: The Advocate/Here Publishing. pp. 44–45. 0001-8996. Consultado em 13 de março de 2011 
  26. ↑ Dolby, Tom (February 2004). «Why Some Gay Men Don't Go All The Way». Out. pp. 76–77. Consultado em 12 de fevereiro de 2011  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  27. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Lerner
  28. ↑ Karen Bouris (1995). What Parents and Teenage Girls Should Know about "Losing Your Virginity". [S.l.]: Conari Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 0-943233-93-3 
  29. ↑ a b c Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Weiten, 2008
  30. ↑ Jerrold S. Greenberg, Clint E. Bruess, Sarah C. Conklin (2007). Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 429. ISBN 0-7637-4148-5. 9780763741488. Consultado em 19 de dezembro de 2010 
  31. ↑ Michael R Kauth (2000). True Nature: A Theory of Sexual Attraction. [S.l.]: Springer. p. 74. ISBN 0306463903. Consultado em August 30, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  32. ↑ Jayson, Sharon (October 19, 2005). «'Technical virginity' becomes part of teens' equation». USA Today. Consultado em August 7, 2009  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  33. ↑ a b «Oral Sex and HIV Risk» (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). June 2009. Consultado em August 30, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  34. ↑ a b c Jonathan Engel (2009). The Epidemic: A History of Aids. [S.l.]: HarperCollins. p. 242. ISBN 0061856762. Consultado em August 30, 2013. Many men simply did not like the feel of condoms, or associated them with emasculation. They say, 'Unless it's flesh on flesh, it's not real sex...  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  35. ↑ a b Naomi N. Wekwete (2010). Adolescent Pregnancy Challenges in the Era of HIV and AIDS: A Case Study of a Selected Rural Area in Zimbabwe. [S.l.]: African Books Collective. p. 49. ISBN 9994455486. Consultado em August 30, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  36. ↑ a b c Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Diamond
  37. ↑ a b Harry T. Reis, Susan Sprecher, Susan K. Sprecher (2009). Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, Volume 1. [S.l.]: SAGE. pp. 541–543. ISBN 1412958466 
  38. ↑ Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Non-human
  39. ↑ a b Erro de citação: Etiqueta <ref> inválida; não foi fornecido texto para as refs de nome Roberts
  40. ↑ Taormino, Tristan (2009). The Big Book of Sex Toys. [S.l.]: Quiver. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-59233-355-4. Consultado em June 9, 2014  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  41. ↑ Wayne Weiten, Dana S. Dunn, Elizabeth Yost Hammer (2011). Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in the 21st Century. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 384–386. ISBN 1-111-18663-4. Consultado em January 5, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  42. ↑ Sandra Alters, Wendy Schiff (2011). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living Update. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 144965374X. Consultado em December 9, 2014  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  43. ↑ Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan (2008). Human Biology. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. p. 314. ISBN 0495561819. Consultado em April 30, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  44. ↑ Joseph A. Flaherty, John Marcell Davis, Philip G. Janicak (1993). Psychiatry: Diagnosis & therapy. A Lange clinical manual. [S.l.]: Appleton & Lange (Original from Northwestern University). pp. 544 pages. ISBN 0-8385-1267-4. The amount of time of sexual arousal needed to reach orgasm is variable — and usually much longer — in women than in men; thus, only 20–30% of women attain a coital climax. b. Many women (70–80%) require manual clitoral stimulation... 
  45. ↑ Mah K, Binik YM (January 7, 2001). «The nature of human orgasm: a critical review of major trends». Clinical Psychology Review. 21 (6): 823–856. PMID 11497209. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(00)00069-6. Women rated clitoral stimulation as at least somewhat more important than vaginal stimulation in achieving orgasm; only about 20% indicated that they did not require additional clitoral stimulation during intercourse.  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  46. ↑ Kammerer-Doak D, Rogers RG (June 2008). «Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction». Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 35 (2): 169–183. PMID 18486835. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2008.03.006. Most women report the inability to achieve orgasm with vaginal intercourse and require direct clitoral stimulation ... About 20% have coital climaxes...  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  47. ↑ Elisabeth Anne Lloyd (2005). The case of the female orgasm: bias in the science of evolution. [S.l.]: Harvard University Press. p. 53. ISBN 0-674-01706-4. Consultado em January 5, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  48. ↑ O'Connell HE, Sanjeevan KV, Hutson JM (October 2005). «Anatomy of the clitoris». The Journal of Urology. 174 (4 Pt 1): 1189–95. PMID 16145367. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000173639.38898.cd. Resumo divulgativo – BBC News (11 June 2006)  Verifique data em: |resumo-data=, |data= (ajuda)
  49. ↑ Hurlbert DF, Apt C (1995). «The coital alignment technique and directed masturbation: a comparative study on female orgasm». Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy. 21(1) (1): 21–29. PMID 7608994. doi:10.1080/00926239508405968 
  50. ↑ Barry R. Komisaruk, Beverly Whipple, Sara Nasserzadeh, Carlos Beyer-Flores (2009). The Orgasm Answer Guide. [S.l.]: JHU Press. pp. 108–109. ISBN 0-8018-9396-8. Consultado em November 6, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  51. ↑ Paula Kamen (2000). Her Way: Young Women Remake the Sexual Revolution. [S.l.]: New York University Press. pp. 74–77. ISBN 0814747337. Consultado em September 5, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  52. ↑ Hite, Shere (2003). The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality. New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. pp. 512 pages. ISBN 1-58322-569-2. Consultado em March 2, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  53. ↑ Carroll, Janell L. (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 118, 252, and 264. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3. Consultado em 23 June 2012. The majority of women enjoy a light caressing of the shaft of the clitoris, together with an occasional circling of the [clitoral glans], and maybe digital (finger) penetration of the vagina. Other women dislike direct stimulation and prefer to have the [clitoral glans] rolled between the lips of the labia. Some women like to have the entire area of the vulva caressed, whereas others like the caressing to be focused on the [clitoral glans]. Women report that clitoral stimulation feels best when the fingers are well lubricated.  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  54. ↑ Pappas, Stephanie (October 22, 2014). «Sex Is 385 Million Years Old, and It Looked Like Square Dancing». Live Science. Consultado em October 27, 2014  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  55. ↑ a b Richard Evan Jones, Kristin H. López (2006). Human Reproductive Biology. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 604 pages. ISBN 0120884658. Consultado em November 8, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  56. ↑ Jared Diamond (1997). Why Is Sex Fun?. [S.l.]: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-03127-7 
  57. ↑ James Bobick, Naomi Balaban (2008). The Handy Anatomy Answer Book. [S.l.]: Visible Ink Press. pp. 306–307. ISBN 157859328X. Consultado em August 21, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  58. ↑ R.K. Sharma (2007). Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. [S.l.]: Elsevier India. pp. 113–116. ISBN 8131211452. Consultado em October 13, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  59. ↑ Mosby, Marie T. O'Toole (2013). Mosby's Medical Dictionary. [S.l.]: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 138. ISBN 0323112587. Consultado em October 13, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  60. ↑ Berkowitz D, Marsiglio W (2007). «Gay Men: Negotiating Procreative, Father, and Family Identities». Journal of Marriage and Family. 69 (2): 366–381. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00371.x 
  61. ↑ a b Joan M. Burda (2008). Gay, lesbian, and transgender clients: a lawyer's guide. [S.l.]: American Bar Association. pp. 69–74. ISBN 1-59031-944-3. Consultado em July 28, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  62. ↑ Elizabeth Bernstein, Laurie Schaffner (2005). Regulating sex: the politics of intimacy and identity. Perspectives on gender. [S.l.]: Psychology Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-415-94869-X. Consultado em July 28, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
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  64. ↑ Jerry D. Durham, Felissa R. Lashley (2000). The Person With HIV/AIDS: Nursing Perspectives, 3rd Edition. [S.l.]: Springer Publishing Company. p. 103. ISBN 8122300049. Consultado em January 29, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  65. ↑ Robert Crooks, Karla Baur (2010). Our Sexuality. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 286–289. ISBN 0495812943. Consultado em August 30, 2012. Noncoital forms of sexual intimacy, which have been called outercourse, can be a viable form of birth control. Outercourse includes all avenues of sexual intimacy other than penile–vaginal intercourse, including kissing, touching, mutual masturbation, and oral and anal sex.  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  66. ↑ Feldmann J, Middleman AB (2002). «Adolescent sexuality and sexual behavior». Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology. 14 (5): 489–493. PMID 12401976. doi:10.1097/00001703-200210000-00008 
  67. ↑ Thomas, R. Murray (2009). Sex and the American teenager seeing through the myths and confronting the issues. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Education. p. 81. ISBN 9781607090182 
  68. ↑ Edlin, Gordon (2012). Health & Wellness. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 213. ISBN 9781449636470 
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  71. ↑ National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases; National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services (July 20, 2001). Workshop Summary: Scientific Evidence on Condom Effectiveness for Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Prevention (PDF). Hyatt Dulles Airport, Herndon, Virginia. pp. 13–15. Consultado em March 20, 2009. Cópia arquivada em March 15, 2010  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  72. ↑ «Effectiveness of male latex condoms in protecting against pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections». World Health Organization. 2000. Consultado em July 23, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  73. ↑ a b c d e Dianne Hales (2010). An Invitation to Health: Choosing to Change. [S.l.]: Cengage Learning. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0538736550. Consultado em March 30, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  74. ↑ Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM (2012). «Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception». N. Engl. J. Med. 366 (21): 1998–2007. PMID 22621627. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855 
  75. ↑ «Contraceptive Use». Guttmacher Institute. 2010. Consultado em March 4, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  76. ↑ «Sexual Health Statistics for Teenagers and Young Adults in the United States» (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. September 2006. Consultado em 2 de julho de 2008  Verifique data em: |data= (ajuda)
  77. ↑ «Findings from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, Centre for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University». The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7, Supplement 5.: 4 2010. Consultado em March 4, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  78. ↑ Clint E. Bruess, Elizabeth Schroeder (2013). Sexuality Education Theory and Practice. [S.l.]: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 152. ISBN 1449649289. Consultado em December 5, 2014  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  79. ↑ a b c d Bozon, Michael (2003). «At what age do women and men have their first sexual intercourse? World comparisons and recent trends» (PDF). Population and Societies. 391: 1–4 
  80. ↑ a b c d Graziella Caselli, Guillaume Wunsch, Daniel Courgeau, Jacques Vallin (2005). Demography – Analysis and Synthesis: A Treatise in Population. [S.l.]: Academic Press. pp. 490–501. ISBN 012765660X. Consultado em September 6, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  81. ↑ «Sexual and Reproductive Health: Women and Men». Guttmacher Institute. 2002. Consultado em December 26, 2012. Cópia arquivada em July 26, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
  82. ↑ «Seventeen Is the Average Age at First Sexual Intercourse» (pdf). American Sexual Behavior. newstrategist.com. Consultado em March 23, 2013. Cópia arquivada (PDF) em January 24, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |arquivodata= (ajuda)
  83. ↑ «Fertility, Family Planning, and Reproductive Health of U.S.Women: Data From the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth» (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Consultado em 9 February 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  84. ↑ «Fertility, Contraception, and Fatherhood: Data on Men and Women From Cycle 6 (2002) of the National Survey of Family Growth» (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Consultado em 9 February 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  85. ↑ «Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family Growth». Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Consultado em 9 February 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  86. ↑ a b «Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing, 2006–2010 National Survey of Family Growth» (pdf). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Consultado em December 26, 2012  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  87. ↑ a b «Teenagers in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and Childbearing, 2002» (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Consultado em 9 February 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
  88. ↑ a b Denis Campbell (January 22, 2006). «No sex please until we're at least 17 years old, we're British». The Observer. Consultado em March 14, 2013  Verifique data em: |acessodata=, |data= (ajuda)
  89. ↑ «Teen Sex Survey». Channel 4. 2008. Consultado em August 5, 2011  Verifique data em: |acessodata= (ajuda)
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