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{{Infobox saint
|name='''Imam Hasan of Basra'''
|birth_date=c. 642 CE / 21 AH
|death_date=c. 728 CE / Friday 5th of Rajab 110 AH
|feast_day=
|venerated_in=[[Islam]]
|image=
|birth_place=[[Medina]]
|death_place=[[Basra]]
|caption=
|titles=Theologian, Preacher
|beatified_date=
|beatified_place=
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|canonized_date=
|canonized_place=
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|attributes=
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|major_shrine=
|suppressed_date=
|issues=
|influences =[[Prophets of Islam]]
|tradition = Disputed
}}
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{{Islã}}
'''Hasan Al-Basri''' ({{lang-ar|الحسن بن أبي الحسن البصري}}; ''nome completo'': '''Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri'''), ([[642]]–[[728]]), foi um conhecido sacerdote [[Sunismo|sunita]], [[Teologia|teólogo]] e estudioso do [[Islão]] nascido em 642 de pais [[Pérsia|persas]]<ref>Michael G. Morony, ''Iraq After the Muslim Conquest'', Gorgias Press LLC, 2006. Excerto da pág. 189: "os pais de Al-Hasan Al-Basri eram persas pobres e vieram dessa parte do Iraque (Baladhuri, Futuh,344).</ref><ref>Christopher Melchert, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-basri-abu-said-b-abil-hasan-yasar "ḤASANBAṢRI, ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR"], in: ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Accessado em Abril de 2010.</ref>. Educado na casa de [[Umm Salama]], Hasan conheceu vários companheiros de [[Muhammad]] (S.A.WS.), icluindo, diz-se, sententa dos guerreiros que lutaram na [[Batalha de Badr]]. Depois de adulto, Hasan se tornou uma das figuras mais proeminentes da sua geração, sendo famoso por sua piedade e por sua condenação ao mundanismo. Quando morreu numa sexta-feira, 5 de [[Rajab]] de 110 AH, com 89 anos, toda a população de Basra acompanhou seus funerais. Então, pela primeira vez na história de Basra, a Jami Masjid ficou vazia na hora da [[Asr]]<ref>{{citar livro|autor=Al-Din Al-Hanafi, Allama Qutb|título=Prayers For Forgiveness|editora=White Thread Press|isbn=978-1-933764-07-8|ano=|páginas=|id=}}</ref>. Hasan rapidamente se tornou um exemplo para outros santos na região e sua personalidade causou grande impressão em seus contemporâneos<ref>Ritter, 14ff., 33, n. 5</ref>. ▼<!--
==Biography==
Hasan's father, [[Peroz]], was made a prisoner at the town of [[Maysan]], in [[Iraq]]. He was later brought to [[Medina]], where he met [[Khayra]], who was to be Hasan's mother. According to tradition, Hasan was born in [[Medina]] in 642 C.E.<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World|editor=Richard C. Martin|year=2004|isbn=978-0-02-865603-8|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|volume=1|page=106}}</ref> He grew up in and around the area but later, after the [[Battle of Siffin]], decided to move to [[Basra]]. As a young man, Hasan took part in the conquests and campaigns in eastern [[Iran]], but he became a famous personality after denouncing arrogance and sin to take up life as pious Muslim in [[Basra]].
▲''' HasanHaçane Al-Basriibne Abil Haçane de Baçorá''' ({{lang-ar|الحسن بن أبي الحسن البصري }}; ''nome completo'': '||''Al-Hasan ibn Abi-l-Hasan al-Basri'' '),}}; ([[642]]–[[728]]) , mais conhecido somente como '''Haçane de Baçorá''', foi um conhecido sacerdote [[Sunismo|sunita]], [[Teologia|teólogo]] e estudioso do [[Islão]] nascido em 642 de pais [[Pérsia|persas]]<ref>Michael G. Morony, ''Iraq After the Muslim Conquest'', Gorgias Press LLC, 2006. Excerto da pág. 189: "os pais de Al-Hasan Al-Basri eram persas pobres e vieram dessa parte do Iraque (Baladhuri, Futuh,344).</ref><ref>Christopher Melchert, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hasan-basri-abu-said-b-abil-hasan-yasar "ḤASANBAṢRI, ABU SAʿID B. ABI’L-ḤASAN YASĀR"], in: ''Encyclopædia Iranica''. Accessado em Abril de 2010.</ref>. Educado na casa de [[{{ilc|Ume Salama||Umm Salama ]]}}, HasanHaçane conheceu vários companheiros de [[ MuhammadMaomé]] (S.A.WS.), icluindoincluindo, diz-se, sententasetenta dos guerreiros que lutaram na [[Batalha de Badr]]. Depois de adulto, HasanHaçane se tornou uma das figuras mais proeminentes da sua geração, sendo famoso por sua piedade e por sua condenação ao mundanismo . Quando morreu numa sexta-feira, 5 de [[Rajab]] de 110 AH, com 89 anos, toda a população de Basra acompanhou seus funerais. Então, pela primeira vez na história de Basra, a Jami Masjid ficou vazia na hora da [[Asr]]<ref>{{citar livro|autor=Al-Din Al-Hanafi, Allama Qutb|título=Prayers For Forgiveness|editora=White Thread Press|isbn=978-1-933764-07-8|ano=|páginas=|id=}}</ref>. Hasan rapidamente se tornou um exemplo para outros santos na região e sua personalidade causou grande impressão em seus contemporâneos<ref>Ritter, 14ff., 33, n. 5</ref>.
Hasan's sermons played an integral part in confirming his status as one of the most notable scholars of the area. In his sermons, Hasan warned his fellow citizens of the dangers of committing sin, and commanded them to regulate their whole life in a more pious manner. These sermons, of which only fragments have been preserved, are considered to be among the outstanding examples of early [[Arabic]] [[prose]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Islam'', Vol. III, ''Hasan al-Basri''</ref> Some scholars have remarked upon the vivid images that Hasan developed in his sermons and it is because of this that anthologists grouped Hasan's sermons with the speeches of political leaders as models of style and some of his sermons have even found their way into the early [[Arab]] dictionaries.
Quando morreu numa sexta-feira, 5 de [[Rajabe]] de 110 [[A.H.]], com 89 anos, toda a população de [[Baçorá]] acompanhou seus funerais. Então, pela primeira vez na história de Baçorá, a Jami Masjide ficou vazia na hora da [[Asr]]<ref>{{citar livro|autor=Al-Din Al-Hanafi, Allama Qutb|título=Prayers For Forgiveness|editora=White Thread Press|isbn=978-1-933764-07-8|ano=|páginas=|id=}}</ref>. Hasan rapidamente se tornou um exemplo para outros santos na região e sua personalidade causou grande impressão em seus contemporâneos<ref>Ritter, 14ff., 33, n. 5</ref>.
Historical documents do not record much from Hasan's early years. One of the earliest instances concerning Hasan is his conversion. Hasan was a jewel merchant and was called Hasan of the Pearls. [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]] narrates that he traded with [[Byzantium]] and with the [[Caesar (title)|Caesar]], on one occasion, going to [[Byzantium]], Hasan called on the [[prime minister]] and conversed with him for a while, after which Hasan and the minister mounted a horse and set off to reach a mysterious desert. It was at this desert, after witnessing a vision involving an army, some philosophers, a group of sages and some fair maidens that Hasan converted, devoting himself to all manner of devotions and austerities, "such that no man in his time could exceed that discipline".<ref>''Muslim Saints and Mystics'', Attar, Trans. A.J. Arberry, ''Hasan of Basra''</ref>
[[Attar of Nishapur|Attar]], in his ''[[Tadhkiratul Awliya|Memorial of the Saints]]'', narrates that Hasan had a neighbour named Simeon who was a fire-worshipper. When Simeon fell ill and was nearing death, Hasan visited the aged man and warned him to "fear God" and told him to finish his life by asking for forgiveness. Simeon answered that he had been a fire-worshipper for over seventy years, but Hasan remained persistent and told him to end his life by accepting the belief in God. Simeon, with much weeping, accepted and told Hasan: “When I die, bid them wash me, then commit me to the earth with your own hands, and place this document in my hand. This document will be my proof.” Feeling guilt at forcing someone to convert, Hasan fell asleep much distressed. That night, Hasan witnessed a miraculous dream: he saw Simeon "glowing like a candle; on his head a crown, robed in fine raiment, he was walking with a smile in the garden of Paradise." Hasan was struck with awe, and asked Simeon of his fate, to which Simeon thanked Hasan for his warning and gave him back the paper with the declaration of faith. When Hasan awoke, he saw the parchment in his hand and began to contemplate, thanking the Lord for His mercy and asking for forgiveness.<ref>''Muslim Saints and Mystics'', Attar, Trans. A.J. Arberry, ''Hasan of Basra''</ref>
Hasan did not take sides in the [[Ibn al-Zubair]]'s revolt.<ref>Suleiman Mourad, ''Early Islam between myth and history'' (Brill, 2006), 35</ref> In 700 CE he joined the camp of Ibn al-Ash'ath during his revolt,<ref>Mourad, 35–40; quoting Ibn Sa'd, ''Tabaqat'' and many others</ref><ref>Mourad, 39 from Yaqut ''Mu'jam al-udaba' '', III, 1025</ref> Hasan is not known to have supported any Caliph after Abu Bakr,<ref>Mourad 43–4</ref> but he was on decent terms with Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. After the revolt Hasan became a teacher in [[Basra]] and founded a school there. Among his many followers were [[Amr Ibn Ubayd]] (d.761) and [[Wasil ibn Ata]] (d.749), the founder of the [[Mu'tazili]]tes – which name derives from Arabic verb ''i'tizàl'' ("to part from", "to separate from"), Wasil ibn Ata having broken all relations with his ancient Master.<ref>[[Henry Corbin]], "History of Islamic Phylosophy", chapter on Wasil ibn Ata and Mu'tazilism</ref> Among Hasan's juristic students were the Imam Ayyub al-Sakhtiyani and also Humayd.<ref>Mourad, 172</ref> Hasan's other companions included fellow [[saint]] [[Farqad as-Sabakhi]], an [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[Christian]] convert to [[Islam]].<ref>Historical dictionary of Sufism By John Renard, p. 87</ref>
Under the reign of Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|'Abd al-Malik]] and his governor in Iraq [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|al-Hajjaj]], Hasan came to oppose the inherited caliphate of the [[Umayyad]]s (r. 660–750).<ref>Mourad 40–3</ref> Hasan held to a doctrine of human free will, but did not reject the predestination as rejection of predestination constitutes disbelief in [[Islam]], Hasan was a great supporter of [[asceticism]] in the time of its first development. Hasan was also held in high regard by the [[Sufis]] for his asceticism,<ref>''Hasan of Basra'', from ''Muslim Saints and Mystics'', trans, A.J. Arberry, London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1983</ref> though he predated Sufism as a self-aware movement.<ref>at-Tasawwuf and al-Fuqaraa': Ibn Taimiyyah on Sufism and the Paupers, Majmoo’ al-Fataawaa by [[Ibn Taymiyyah]]</ref> Many writers testified to the purity of his life and to his excelling in the virtues of Muhammad's (S.A.W.S.) own companions.<ref>1911 Britannica. References:
*Imam [[Nawawi]]'s ''Biographical Dictionary'' (ed. [[F. Wüstenfeld]], Göttingen, 1842–1847).
*[[Reinhart Dozy]], ''Essai sur l'histoire de l'islamisme'', pp. 201 sqq. (Leiden and Paris, 1879)
*[[Alfred von Kremer]], ''Culturgeschichtliche Streifzüge auf dem Gebiete des Islams'', p. 5 seq.
*[[Reynold Alleyne Nicholson]], ''A Literary History of the Arabs'', pp. 225–227 (London, 1907).</ref>
==Apocryphal Writings==
He is associated with the authorship of several epistles, many of which are known to be forged.<ref>Mourad, 126–8; 194–5</ref> Among the forgeries is an epistle to [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] espousing human free will, first attested by [[Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad]] (d. 415 / 1024);<ref>Mourad, 178</ref> which survives in three MSS.<ref>Mourad, 179</ref> This epistle, despite claiming "some of the ... best examples of Arabic linguistic prose style",<ref>John Esposito, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Islam'', 2003; note that he was writing prior to Mourad's work, when he also declares it "earliest"</ref> is based on the theology of [[al-Qasim ibn Ibrahim al-Rassi|al-Rassi]]'s ''Kitab al-Radd'' and on the politics of the [[Zaydi Shi'a]]; that is, it comes from Abd al-Jabbar's circle if not from Abd al-Jabbar himself.<ref>Mourad, chapter 6, concluded pp. 238–9</ref>
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==Ver também==
* [[Sufismo]]
* [[Maruf Karkhi]]
* [[{{ilc|Nácer Abu Zaide||Nasr Abu Zayd]]}}
{{referências}}
{{Sufismo}}
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{{Persondata
| NAME = Basri, Hasan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 642
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Medina]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 728
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Basra]]
}} -->
[[Categoria:Nascidos em 642]]
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