Wikipédia:AFI para neerlandês

A infografia abaixo representa a forma como International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) representa a pronúncia das línguas neerlandesa e africânder nos artigos da Wikipedia.

Consoantes
IPA			Exemplos	Aproximação ao inglês
Neerlandês do norte	Neerlandês do sul	Africânder	Exemplos	Aproximação ao inglês
b			beet	beet
d			dak	den
f		f	fiets	fast
v		f	ver,^[1] hawe (Af.)	oven
x	ç	χ	acht^[2], weg^[3]	loch (Scottish English) ~ hue
ɣ	ʝ	χ	gaan^[4]	roughly like Spanish rasgo ~ ayuda
ɦ			had^[1]	behind
j			jas	yard
k			kat	skin
l			land	land
m			mens	man
n			nek^[5]	neck
ŋ			eng	long
p			pen, rib^[3]	sport
r			ras^[6]	rolled r; similar to water (American English)
s		s	sok	sock
z		s	zeep^[1]	jazz
t			tak, had^[3]	stop
ʋ	w	v	wang^[7]	wing; velvet (Af.)
Consoantes marginais
ʔ			beëindig^[8] [bəˈʔɛindəx]	the catch in uh-oh!
ɡ			goal^[9]	goal
ʃ			sjabloon, chef^[10]	shall
ʒ			jury^[1]^[10]	vision
tʃ			check, Tsjechië, tjek (Af.)	chat
dʒ			Jakarta	jump
Stress
ˈ			vóórkomen voorkómen^[11]	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/
ˌ			vóórkomen voorkómen^[11]	as in battleship /ˈbætəlˌʃɪp/

Vogais
IPA			Exemplos	Aproximação ao inglês
Neerlandês do norte	Neerlandês do Sul	Africânder	Exemplos	Aproximação ao inglês
Checked vowels^[12]
ɑ		ɐ	bad^[13]	father; duck (Af.)
ɛ			bed	bed
ɪ		ə	vis	fish; again (Af.)
ɔ		o	bot	soft; roughly like go or British English saw (Af.)
ʏ		œ	hut	roughly like hug
Free vowels^[12]
aː		ɑː	aap^[13]	father
		æː	perd (Af.)	jazz
eː		eə	beet, ezel^[14]^[15]	mate; fair (Af.)
		ɛː	werk (Af.)	square (British English)
i			diep	happy
oː		oə	boot^[14]^[15]	roughly like goat or British English law; more (Af.)
		ɔː	môre (Af.)	law
y			fuut	roughly like cute
øː		eø	neus^[14]^[15]	roughly like nurse
u			hoed	boot
ɛi			bijt, ei; byt (Af.)	may
œy		œj	buit	roughly like house
ʌu	ɔu	ɵu	jou, dauw	out; boat (South Nl./Af.)
ə			hemel	again
Marginal vowels
		ɐ	Wikipedia	cut
ʊː^[15]	oː	ʊə	voor	poor (British English) (Af.)
ɔː	oː	?	roze^[16]	law; roughly like law (British English)
ɪː^[15]	eː	ɪə	heer	serious
ʏː^[15]	øː		deur	sir; roughly like united
ɛː			scène,^[16] nê (Af.)	square (British English)
œː		øə	freule^[16]	roughly like sir
iː			analyse^[16]	beat
yː			centrifuge^[16]	roughly like use
ɑ̃ː			genre^[16]	roughly like croissant
ɛ̃ː			hautain^[16]	uh-huh
ɔ̃ː			chanson^[16]	roughly like own
æ			slash^[16]	like in English

Notas

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d In some northern dialects, the voiced fricatives have almost completely merged with the voiceless ones; /ɦ/ is usually realized as [h], /v/ is usually realized as [f], /z/ is usually realized as [s].
↑ The sound spelled ‹ch› is a voiceless velar fricative [x] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ] in Northern Dutch, and a voiceless palatal fricative [ç] in Southern Dutch, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [baːrdən] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [rɪbən] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦətfeː].
↑ In the North /ɣ/ is usually realized as [x] or [χ], whereas in the South the distinction between /ʝ/ and /ç/ has been preserved. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.
↑ The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. In Afrikaans it is also dropped in the written language.
↑ The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].
↑ The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the voiced labiovelar approximant [w].
↑ The glottal stop [ʔ] is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word.
↑ /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch or Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [zɑɡduk]. In Afrikaans it may occur as an allophone of /χ/.
↑ ^a ^b /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like show and bagage ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as [sʲ] and [zʲ], respectively. However, /s/ + /j/ sequences in Dutch are often realized as [sʲ], like in the word huisje ('little house'). In dialects that merge /s/ and /z/, [zʲ] is often realized as [sʲ].
↑ When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example vóórkomen /ˈvoːrkoːmə(n)/ "to occur" and voorkómen /voːrˈkoːmə(n)/ "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended.
↑ ^a ^b The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names dull/sharp, dim/clear, lax/tense, closed/open, or short/long. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms long and short traditionally used to explain the use of doubled consonants and vowels in the orthographic system.
↑ ^a ^b ^c The near-open central vowel [ɐ] is an allophone of unstressed /aː/ and /ɑ/.
↑ ^a ^b ^c The long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ] in many northern dialects.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In the North the vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are pronounced [ɪː], [ʏː] and [ʊː] when they precede /r/.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Found in loanwords. /æ/ is pronounced the same as /ɛ/ by many speakers.

Documentação[criar]

[fricatives-1] In some northern dialects, the voiced fricatives have almost completely merged with the voiceless ones; /ɦ/ is usually realized as [h], /v/ is usually realized as [f], /z/ is usually realized as [s].

[ch-2] The sound spelled ‹ch› is a voiceless velar fricative [x] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ] in Northern Dutch, and a voiceless palatal fricative [ç] in Southern Dutch, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.

[devoice-3] Dutch devoices all obstruents at the ends of words (e.g. a final /d/ becomes [t]). This is partly reflected in the spelling: the voiced ‹z› in plural huizen ('houses') becomes huis ('house') in singular, and duiven ('doves') becomes duif ('dove'). The other cases are always written with the voiced consonant, even though a devoiced one is actually pronounced: the voiced ‹d› in plural baarden [baːrdən] ('beards') is retained in the singular spelling baard ('beard'), but pronounced as [baːrt]; and plural ribben [rɪbən] ('ribs') has singular rib, pronounced as [rɪp]. Because of assimilation, often the initial consonant of the next word is also devoiced, e.g. het vee ('the cattle') is [ɦətfeː].

[4] In the North /ɣ/ is usually realized as [x] or [χ], whereas in the South the distinction between /ʝ/ and /ç/ has been preserved. See also Hard and soft G in Dutch.

[5] The final ‹n› of the plural ending -en is usually not pronounced, except in the North East (Low Saxon) and the South West (East and West Flemish) where the ending becomes a syllabic [n̩] sound. In Afrikaans it is also dropped in the written language.

[6] The realization of the /r/ phoneme varies considerably from dialect to dialect. In "standard" Dutch, /r/ is realized as the alveolar trill [r] or as a uvular trill [ʀ]. In some dialects, it is realized as an alveolar tap [ɾ] or even as an alveolar approximant [ɹ].

[w-7] The realization of the /ʋ/ phoneme varies considerably from the Northern to the Southern and Belgium dialects of the Dutch language. In the north of the Netherlands, it is a labiodental approximant [ʋ]. In the south of the Netherlands and in Belgium, it is pronounced as a bilabial approximant [β̞] (as it also is in the Hasselt and Maastricht dialects), and Standard Belgian Dutch uses the voiced labiovelar approximant [w].

[8] The glottal stop [ʔ] is not a separate phoneme in Dutch, but is inserted before vowel-initial syllables within words and often also at the beginning of a word.

[9] /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Dutch or Afrikaans and only occurs in loanwords, like goal or when /k/ is voiced, like in zakdoek [zɑɡduk]. In Afrikaans it may occur as an allophone of /χ/.

[postalveolar-10] /ʃ/ and /ʒ/ are not native phonemes of Dutch, and usually occur in borrowed words, like show and bagage ('baggage'). Even then, they are usually realized as [sʲ] and [zʲ], respectively. However, /s/ + /j/ sequences in Dutch are often realized as [sʲ], like in the word huisje ('little house'). In dialects that merge /s/ and /z/, [zʲ] is often realized as [sʲ].

[11] When the penultimate syllable is open, stress may fall on any of the last three syllables. When the penultimate syllable is closed, stress falls on either of the last two syllables. While stress is phonemic, minimal pairs are rare. For example vóórkomen /ˈvoːrkoːmə(n)/ "to occur" and voorkómen /voːrˈkoːmə(n)/ "to prevent". In composite words, secondary stress is often present. Marking the stress in written Dutch is optional, never obligatory, but sometimes recommended.

[checked-12] The "checked" vowels /ɑ/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /ɔ/, and /ʏ/ occur only in closed syllables, while their "free" counterparts /aː/, /eː/, /i/, /oː/, and /y/ can occur in open syllables (as can the other vowels). These two sets also go by the names dull/sharp, dim/clear, lax/tense, closed/open, or short/long. One of each pair is pronounced slightly longer by many speakers, so the terms long and short traditionally used to explain the use of doubled consonants and vowels in the orthographic system.

[aa-13] The near-open central vowel [ɐ] is an allophone of unstressed /aː/ and /ɑ/.

[diphthong-14] The long close-mid vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are realised as slightly closing diphthongs [eɪ], [øʏ] and [oʊ] in many northern dialects.

[rhotic-15] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f In the North the vowels /eː/, /øː/ and /oː/ are pronounced [ɪː], [ʏː] and [ʊː] when they precede /r/.

[loanwords-16] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Found in loanwords. /æ/ is pronounced the same as /ɛ/ by many speakers.

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